Transcript ARTICLE

What do you sense?
S E N S A T IO N
Book Definition:
The stimulation of sensory receptors and the transmission of
sensory information into the central nervous system
O u r s e n s e s h a v e p ic k e d u p a m e s s a g e fro m th e
e n v iro n m e n t – v e r y s im p ly “ T a k in g it a ll in ”
P E R C E P T IO N
Book Definition:
The process by which sensations are organized into an inner
representation of the world
In te rp re tin g w h a t w e s e n s e – M a k in g s e n s e
o u t o f s e n s a tio n s
1. Past Experiences
• “Star spangled _______________”
2. Moods, _______________, and Values
• Having a bad day and “things” seem to snowball
3. ______________
• If you’re hungry, you think about…
4. What the ______________ believes
• We have a tendency to, “go along with the
crowd.”
'Lucifer Effect' Asks Why Good People Go Bad
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=9940824
http://www.zimbardo.com/
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rmwSC5fS40w
McDonald’s Case - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UFXeXK3szOk
THE SCIENCE OF EVIL
How can ordinary people perform unthinkable acts?
ABC News - Primetime
http://abcnews.go.com/Video/playerIndex?id=2769000
Absolute ____________________ for Humans
Reading: Ernst Weber – Classic Experiments in Psychology
SENSE
STIMULUS
RECEPTORS
THRESHOLD
Vision
Electromagnetic
Energy
_______________ &
_______________in
the retina
A candle flame viewed
from a distance of
about 30 miles on a
dark night
Hearing
Sound Waves
Hair cells of the inner
ear
The ticking of a watch
from about 20 feet
away in a quiet room
_______________
_______________
substances in the air
Receptor cells in the
nose
About one drop of
perfume diffused
throughout a small
house
Taste
_______________
substances in saliva
Taste buds on the
tongue
About 1 teaspoon of
sugar dissolved in 2
gallons of water
Touch
Pressure on the skin
Nerve endings in the
skin
The wing of a fly
falling on a cheek
from a distance of
about 0.4 inches
SENSE
TYPE OF
DISCRIMINATION
_______________
CONSTANT
(_______________
FRACTION)
VISION
Brightness of light
1/60
HEARING
Pitch (frequency) of a
tone
1/333
Loudness of a tone
/
TASTE
Difference in saltiness
1/5
SMELL
Amount of rubber
smell
1/10
TOUCH
Pressure on the skin
surface
1/7
Deep pressure
1/77
Difference in lifted
weights
/
Where are the
following?
Blind spot
Iris
Pupil
Lens
Cornea
Optic Nerve
Retina
FIGURE 4.3 In the human eye, light travels
through the pupil to the lens and is then
reflected onto the retina. The optic nerve sends
the visual information to the brain.
Stare at the next slide for 30 seconds.
VISUAL PROBLEMS
Color Blindness
 Color Blind – sensitive to only black & white
 Dichromat – only sensitive to certain colors – partially color blind
 Trichromat – normal color vision
Plate 1
Plate 1
• Both normal and
those with all color
vision deficiencies
should read the
number 12.
Pages 85-88
Sound
• _______________ – having to do with hearing
• _______________ - A
wave which is created
by vibrating objects and
transmitted through a
medium from one
location to another.
Compression and Expansion
• _______________ –
number of cycles per
second as expressed in the
unit Hertz.
• _______________ – A unit
expressing the frequency of
sound waves. One Hertz,
or 1Hz, equals one cycle
per second.
Pitch
• The greater the number of cycles per second, the
higher the pitch.
Is Loudness the same as
Amplitude?
• _______________ – height
• The higher the amplitude of
a wave, the louder the
sound.
• _______________ – A unit
expressing the loudness of
a sound. Abbreviated dB.
ARTICLE: The Sounds Around Us
January 18, 2006
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5044711
Wishing for a Silent Night in Toyland
by Michele Norris
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QJlMGsQQeCA
PLEASE VISIT THE FOLLOWING WEBSITE: PSYCHOLOGY’S TIMELINE
http://bcs.worthpublishers.com/gray/content/psychsim5/launcher.html
COMPLETE THE INTERACTIVE ACTIVITY FOR PSYCHOLOGY’S TIMELINE. As you progress
through the activity, place your cursor over the words in blue for further information. When placing the
information “in position” on the timelines, be as precise with the placement of the
names/descriptions/etc.(tags) as possible, otherwise the info. will “bounce back.” The “tags” fit in precisely
to the right positions.
All Stressed Out
EEG and Sleep
Stages
Hunger and the Fat
Rat
Operant
Conditioning
Auditory System
Expressing Emotion
Iconic Memory
Psychology's
Timeline
Cognitive
Development
Get Smart
Mind-Reading
Monkeys
Social Decision
Making
Computer Therapist
Helplessly Hoping
My Head Is Spinning
Visual Illusions
Descriptive
Statistics
Hemispheric
Specialization
Mystery Client
Your Mind on Drugs
PSYCHSIM5 – WORTH PUBLISHERS
http://bcs.worthpublishers.com/gray/content/psychsim5/launcher.html
How Does Sound Move Through the
Ear?
VIDEO: GATEWAYS TO THE MIND!
ARTICLE: Loss of Hearing Can Be Frustrating!
February 14, 2001
Page 87
CONDUCTION DEAFNESS
SENSORY-NEURAL DEAFNESS
STIMULATION DEAFNESS
Deafness
• Caused by the failure of
the three tiny bones inside
the middle ear to pass
along sound waves to the
inner ear or the failure of
the eardrum to vibrate in
response to sound waves
• Possible cause is a buildup of fluid
• Hearing aids
• Normal hearing may
return.
Deafness
• Damage to the inner
ear. Most often caused
by loss of hair cells
that will not
regenerate.
• Damage to the
auditory nerve.
• Cochlear implants can
help patients with this
form of deafness.
Deafness
• Exposure to very loud
sounds
• Prolonged exposure to
85 dB can cause
stimulation loss.
• Ringing sound can
mean hair cells have
been damaged
The nose knows!
Maybe without you
knowing!
Articles: “Fragrances Enhance Emotion, Chemistry” et. al.
Sense of Smell - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H_WFlTtPZmE
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4059387
Americans Win Nobel for Research on Smell
Seven Basic Odors
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Camphoraceous
 Smell depends on shape of odor molecules
 Example of a camphoraceous odor is
mothballs
Etheral
 Example is cleaning products
Floral
 Examples are flowers
Minty
 Example is gum
Musky
 Example is men’s cologne
Pungent
 Example is vinegar
Putrid
 Example is rotten eggs
ARTICLE: "A Secret Sense in the Human Nose"
ARTICLE: "A Woman's Nose Belongs to Daddy":
The Science of Sex Appeal unsexy scents
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s_y8NTaPNQY
http://www.youtube.com/ (time 2:04)
ARTICLE: “Smells aren’t Good or Bad, They’re Learned”
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6577600
“Marketing Campaign Targets Noses at Bus Stops”
ARTICLE: Just browsing at the mall? That’s what you think.
(Sept. 2006)
ScentAir website:
http://www.scentair.com/index_flash.html
http://marketplace.publicradio.org/shows/2006/10/25/PM200610255.html
Dr. Alan Hirsch: Talking About the Science of Smell
http://www.scienceofsmell.com/
ARTICLE: Taste and Smell – How does food seem tasteless
when you have a cold?
_______________ are created by
chemical reactions on your
taste buds
Taste is heavily influenced by
smell – this is called
____________ _______________
TASTE QUALITIES
(Get on the Busss!)
•B________
FLAVOR DEPENDS ON…
•T___________
•O________
•U________
•T_________
•S________
•T_________
•S________
(I T.O.T.T. you about flavor)
•S________
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1813416
Study: Tastes Form in Infancy
Touch and Pressure
• Sensory receptors located around the roots of hair cells fire when surface of
skin is touched.
• There are at least ____ basic types of touch receptors in your skin.
• One for hot, cold, pain, pressure, touch, and fine touch.
SKIN SENSES Pages 89-92
*Vision is usually the most dominant of the senses*
•
Touch
•
Pressure
•
Warmth
•
Cold
•
Pain
TOUCH & PRESSURE
Most sensitive – fingertips, lips, noses and cheeks (page 91)
1. nerve endings are more densely packed in the fingertips and
face than in other locations
2. a greater amount of sensory cortex is devoted to the
perception of sensations in the fingertips and face
___________________– to assess sensitivity to pressure –
The least distance by which two rods touching the skin must be
separated before the subject will report that there are two rods,
not one, on 50% of occasions
TEMPERATURE
Warm & Cold receptors – they adapt and
sometimes they fire simultaneously
PAIN
* The more pain receptors located in a particular area of our skin, the more
sensitive that area is. (figure 4.9 on page 91)
*Originates at the point of contact* - message is sent from the point of contact to the spinal
cord to the thalamus in the brain. Then it is projected to the cerebral cortex where the person
registers the location and severity of the pain.
*Release of various chemicals – prostaglandins, bradykinin, P*
* Aspirin & Ibuprofen work by curbing production of prostaglandins
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=7654964
______________– pain messengers can’t get through
_______________ – Bodies natural
pain killers
Endorphins are inhibitory neurotransmitters. They lock into receptor sites for
chemicals that transmit pain messages to the brain. Once the endorphin “key” is
in the “lock,” pain-causing chemicals cannot transmit their messages. There are a
number of endorphins.
Endorphins also play a role in regulating respiration, hunger memory, sexual
behavior, blood pressure, mood, and body temperature.
_______________ – ancient procedures/releasing endorphins
______________ – bogus treatment
______________ – The sense that informs us about
the positions and motion of parts of our bodies
______________ __________– The sense of
equilibrium that informs us about our bodies’ positions
relative to gravity
______________ _____________– the focus of conscious
http://viscog.beckman.illinois.edu/grafs/demos/15.html
awareness on a particular stimulus
______________ _____________– failing to see visible objects
when our attention is directed elsewhere
VISUAL PERCEPTION
1.
Perceptual Organization
Closure
page 93
figure 4.10
Figure-ground
page 93
figure 4.11
Proximity
page 93-94
figure 4.12 (A)
Similarity
page 94
figure 4.12 (B)
Continuity
page 94
figure 4.12 (C)
Common fate
page 94
2.
Perception of Movement
Stroboscopic Motion*
page 95
3.
Depth Perception
Monocular Cues:
Perspective
background image
Interposition or Overlapping
page 96
figure 4.13
Shadowing
page 96
figure 4.14
Texture Gradient
page 96
Motion parallax
page 96
Binocular Cues:
Retinal Disparity*
page 96
Convergence
page 96
picture - page 97
4. Perceptual Constancies
Size
page 97
Shape
page 99
figure 4.16
Color
page 98
figure 4.15
Brightness
page 98-99
5. Visual Illusions – when principles of perceptual organization lead to
misrepresentations of reality. (page 99)
Height/Width illusion
Interrupted extent
Illusion of contour
Equivocal illusion
Illusion of depth
Illusion of contrast
Non-classified illusion
MONOCULAR CUES FOR DEPTH
PERSPECTIVE
CLEARNESS
OVERLAPPING or INTERPOSITION
Shadowing
TEXTURE GRADIENT
BINOCULAR CUES FOR DEPTH
RETINAL DISPARITY & CONVERGENCE
Optical Illusions
Height-Width
When principles of
Perceptional organization lead to
misrepresentations of
reality
Interrupted Extent
Contour
Equivocal
Depth
Non Classified
Contrast
TYPES OF OPTICAL ILLUSIONS
1. HEIGHT-WIDTH ILLUSION
An upright line segment appears longer than a nearby
equal horizontal line
2. ILLUSIONS OF INTERRUPTED EXTENT
The distance between the portions of an interrupted line
or figure appears to shrink
3. ILLUSION OF CONTOUR
An open or empty figure appears to have greater area or
capacity than an equal closed or filled figure
4. EQUIVOCAL ILLUSION
The drawing of a three-dimensional object appears to
have two or more interpretations
5. ILLUSIONS OF DEPTH
Lines or figures are distorted as the result of a point, line,
or figure appearing to be behind or in front of another
6. ILLUSIONS OF CONTRAST
Surrounding lines or figures cause other lines or figures
to appear have distorted dimensions or shapes
7. ILLUSION NON-CLASSIFIED
An optical illusion that does not fall into the above
categories
ARTICLE: Seeing Life in Colors: Cross wired Senses
ARTICLE: Seeing—and hearing and tasting—red
SOURCE: Monitor on Psychology
Volume 39, No. 3 March 2008
A synesthetes alphabet
http://web.mit.edu/synesthesia/www/carol.html