Transcript Psychology ch 4

Psychology- Chapter 4
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Perception test-
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Watch the white team and count how
many passes they make between them.
Do not count out loud or say anything until
the end of the test.
Sensation and Perception
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Sensation
 Simulation
of sensory receptors and
transmission of sensory information to the
central nervous system
 Interpret sensory stimulation
 http://www.michaelbach.de/ot/
 http://kids.niehs.nih.gov/games/illusions/index
.htm
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http://www.michaelbach.de/ot/
http://kids.niehs.nih.gov/games/illusions/index.htm
http://www.123opticalillusions.com/
http://www.echalk.co.uk/amusements/opticalillusions/ill
usions.htm
http://www.moillusions.com/
http://www.sandlotscience.com/
Thresholds
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Absolute threshold Weakest
amount of stimulus that can be
detected (half the time, half the people)
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Difference thresholds
 minimum
amount of difference between two
stimuli
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Signal detection theory
 distinguishing
sensory stimuli by strengths
and also physical setting, mood, attitudes
Sensory adaptation
more sensitive to weak stimuli and less
sensitive to unchanging stimuli
 Walking into a dark theatre your eyes will
adjust.
 Hear a train every day you will not notice it
very much
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Vision
Light- electromagnetic energy,
 wavelengths
 Roy G. Biv
 Ultraviolet and Infrared
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How the eyes work
 #1
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The Eye
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Pupil
 sensitive to emotions regulates light into eyes
Lens
 Focuses the image
Cornea
 Protection, focusing light
Iris
 Colored part (muscle that controls the pupils)
Optic nerve
 takes image to brain
Retina
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Where the image is proected
More parts to the eye
Photoreceptors
 Blind spot
 Rods (light and dark) and cones (colors)
100 million rods, 5 million cones
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Visual acuity
20/20 vision
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20/20 vision is a term used to express normal
visual acuity (the clarity or sharpness of vision)
measured at a distance of 20 feet. If you have
20/20 vision, you can see clearly at 20 feet what
should normally be seen at that distance. If you
have 20/100 vision, it means that you must be as
close as 20 feet to see what a person with normal
vision can see at 100 feet.
20/20 vision does not mean perfect vision. It only
indicates the sharpness or clarity of vision at a
distance. There are other important vision skills,
among them peripheral awareness or side vision,
eye coordination, depth perception, focusing ability
and color vision that contribute to one's overall
vision ability.
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What numbers do you see revealed in
the patterns of dots below?
Color vision
Complementary colors
 Afterimage
 Color blindness
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Color blindness simualtion
 http://www.vischeck.com/info/wade.php
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http://www.vischeck.com/examples/
http://www.grand-illusions.com/opticalillusions/hollow_face/
http://www.grand-illusions.com/opticalillusions/dragon_illusion/
http://www.at-bristol.org.uk/Optical/DancingLights_main.htm
http://www.coolopticalillusions.com/
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http://mightyillusions.blogspot.com/2006/0
4/scary-optical-illusion-no4.html
Seeing Facts
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Most people blink every 2-10 seconds.
Each time you blink, you shut your eyes for 0.3 seconds,
which means your eyes are closed at least 30 minutes a day
just from blinking.
If you only had one eye, everything would appear twodimensional. (This does not work just by closing one eye.)
Owls can see a mouse moving over 150 feet away with light
no brighter than a candle.
The reason cat's and dog's eyes glow at night is because of
silver mirrors in the back of their eyes called the tapetum. This
makes it easier for them to see at night.
An ostrich has eyes that are two inches across. Each eye
weighs more than the brain.
A chameleon's eyes can look in opposite directions at the
same time.
A newborn baby sees the world upside down because it takes
some time for the baby's brain to learn to turn the picture
right-side up. One in every twelve males is color blind.
Flip book points
 40 points
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Black and white
Color
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20 pages18 pages16 pages14 pages12 pages10 pages8 pages-
15- pages
13- pages
11- pages
9 - pages
7 - pages
5 - pages
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40 points
38 points
36 points
34 points
32 points
30 points
26 points
Lots of Detail
40 points
38 points
36 points
34 points
32 points
28 points
10 pages
9 pages
8 pages
7 pages
6 pages
40
38
36
34
32
Hearing
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Pitch
 The
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Loudness
 The
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frequency of the sound wave
amplitude of the sound wave
Timbre
 The
distinctiveness of a sound
The ear
Cochlea
 Hammer
 Anvil
 Stirrup
 Eardrum
 Ear canal
 Eustachian tube
 Auditory nerve
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How sound works
 #1
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Deafness
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Conductive deafness
 Middle
ear (bones, eardrum)
 Hearing aids help this
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Sensorineural deafness
 Inner
ear
 No cure
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Stimulation deafness
 Doing
something too loud for a long time
Hearing Facts
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When you go up to high elevations, the change in
pressure causes your ears to pop.
Children have more sensitive ears than adults. They can
recognize a wider variety of noises. Mosquito ringtone
Dolphins have the best sense of hearing among animals.
They are able to hear 14 times better than humans.
Animals hear more sounds than humans.
An earache is caused by too much fluid putting pressure
on your eardrum. Earaches are often the result of an
infection, allergies or a virus.
Smell
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Olfactory nerve
Taste and smell video
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WavjbJ
hiRAE&feature=related
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Take a deep breath. Air is sucked up into
your nostrils over bony ridges called
turbinates, which add more surface area to
your sniffer. The air travels over millions of
olfactory receptor neurons that sit on a
stamp-size sheet, the olfactory epithelium,
on the roof of the nasal cavity. Odor
molecules in the air stimulate and inhibit
the receptors.
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Each aroma sets off a signal made by the
receptors that travels along the olfactory
nerve to the olfactory bulb. The olfactory
bulb sits underneath the front of your
brain. Signals from the bulb tell your brain
what reeks.
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Humans can recognize 10,000 different
odors. However, no two people sense
anything the same.
Smelly Facts
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Dogs have 1 million smell cells per nostril and their smell
cells are 100 times larger than humans!
Humans use insect warning chemicals, called
pheromones, to keep away pesky insects!
People who cannot smell have a condition called
Anosmia.
If your nose is at its best, you can tell the difference
between 4000-10,000 smells!
As you get older, your sense of smell gets worse.
Children are more likely to have better senses of smell
than their parents or grandparents.
Taste
Taste buds
 Bitter
 Sweet
 Sour
 Salty
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Taste
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We have almost 10,000 taste
buds inside our mouths; even
on the roofs of our mouths.
Insects have the most highly
developed sense of taste.
They have taste organs on
their feet, antennae, and
mouthparts.
Fish can taste with their fins
and tail as well as their mouth.
In general, girls have more
taste buds than boys.
Taste is the weakest of the
five senses
Skin senses
Pressure
 Temperature
 Pain
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Touch
Body Senses
Vestibular sense
 Kinesthesis
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 Arms
through the floor
 Arms raise above the head
 Touch your finger- hands wrapped.
The Pinocchio experiment with
body image
* Find 2 willing (and good) friends
* Sit on a chair blind-folded, and ask your friend (let’s call her
Sam) to sit on a chair in front of you, with her back to you.
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* Ask your other friend to take your right hand and put it on
Sam’s nose
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* Tap and stroke her nose in a gentle random manner,
making exactly identical movements with your other hand, on
your own nose.
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* Continue this for 60 seconds
About 50% of people will have the extremely odd sensation that
their nose is 3 feet long, or somehow their nose is elsewhere!
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U8JSgp
_NM90 freaky body illusions
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0EP09p
QJwow broom through body
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vestibular sense
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The vestibular sense is also connected to parts of the
brain that tell you when it is time to vomit. This is the
cause of motion sickness.
If you spin hard enough and then suddenly stop, the tiny
current keeps going for a little bit, and gives you the
sensation that you are still spinning, but in the opposite
direction. Your brain may try to compensate for this, and
cause you to fall or at very least feel dizzy.
You can also confuse these canals when you take a
shower and allow hot or cold water into your ear. The
temperature changes can cause currents to develop that
wind up feeling just like spinning, and you may get dizzy.
Perception
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URLRd
cnU6Hk 10 in 2 minutes
Closure
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Perceive
whole
objects
when gaps
are present
Figure ground perception
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What we see as
background and what
we perceive as figure
influence our
perception
Escher
Power point or word
Place optical illusions in a power point
 Things that express consistancy,
perspective, continuity, similarity, contrast,
figure ground, ect…… no limit. But there
will be expectations of high quality…..
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Proximity
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Things that are near each other influence
each other
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8wRcN
wPmjmw Proximity and elation
Similarity
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Group objects that
are similar to each
other
Continuity
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We like to see a
smooth continuous
pattern rather than
individual parts
Common fate
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See things moving together you perceive
them as belonging to each other
Perception of movement
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Stroboscopic motion
Depth perception
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Monocular cues
 Perspective
 Clearness
 Overlapping
 Shadow
 Texture
Gradient
Binocular cues
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Retinal disparity- floating finger
Perceptual constancy’s
Size
 Color
 Brightness
 Shape
 Speed
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Visual illusions