Transcript Introductory Psychology Concepts

Sensation and Perception
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Sensation
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Sensation
Sensation: The activation of the sense organs by a source
of physical energy.
Human sensory capabilities go well beyond the basic five
senses (sight, sound, taste, smell, touch).
•
•
•
We are sensitive not merely to touch but to a considerably
wider set of stimuli—pain, pressure, temperature, vibration.
Vision has two subsystems—relating to day and night vision.
The ear is responsive to information that allows us not only to
hear but also to keep our balance.
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Introductory Psychology Concepts: Sensation
Sensory Receptors: Specialized neurons activated by stimuli.
Ganglion Amacrine Bipolar Horizontal
cells
cells
cells
cells
Cone Rod
Back
of
eye
Light
Blind spot (optic disk)
Optic
nerve
fibers
(to
brain)
Ganglion
cell layer
Bipolar cell
layer
Photoreceptor
layer
Photoreceptors in the retina, the rods and cones, synapse with bipolar cells, which
in turn synapse with ganglion cells whose axons form the optic nerve.
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Introductory Psychology Concepts: Sensation
Thresholds
Absolute Threshold
•
•
Defined as the lowest intensity at which a stimulus can be
detected 50 percent of the time.
The lower the absolute threshold, the greater the sensitivity.
Approximate Absolute Thresholds for Humans
Sensory Modality
Absolute Threshold
Vision
Candle flame seen at 30 miles on a clear, dark night
Hearing
Tick of a watch under quiet conditions at 20 feet
Taste
1 teaspoon of sugar in 20 gallons of water
Smell
1 drop of perfume diffused into the entire volume of
a large apartment
Touch
Wing of a fly or bee falling on a person’s cheek from
a distance of 1 centimeter
Source: Based on Galanter, 1962.
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Introductory Psychology Concepts: Sensation
Thresholds
Just Noticeable Difference (JND)
•
•
•
The smallest difference between two stimuli that people can
perceive 50 percent of the time.
Weber’s law states that the difference threshold, or JND, is
directly proportional to the magnitude of the stimulus with
which the comparison is being made and can be expressed
as a Weber fraction.
Weber’s law breaks down at extremely high and low
intensities of stimulation, but holds up reasonably well within
the most frequently encountered range.
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Introductory Psychology Concepts: Sensation
Thresholds
Signal Detection Theory
•
•
•
•
Concerned with the factors that influence sensory judgments.
There is no single point on the intensity scale that separates
stimulus detection from nondetection.
People set their own decision criterion, a standard of how
certain they must be that a stimulus is present before they
will say they detect it.
Decision criterion can change, depending on such factors as
fatigue, expectation, and the potential significance of the
stimulus.
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Sensation
Thresholds
Subliminal Stimuli
•
•
A subliminal stimulus is one that is so weak or brief that
although it is received by the senses, it cannot be perceived
consciously.
Research suggests that subliminal stimuli may affect subtle
phenomena, such as perceptions and attitudes.
(Greenwald & Banaji, 1995)
•
•
In one study, college students who were exposed to
subliminal presentations of aggressively toned words like “hit”
and “attack” later judged ambiguous behaviors of others as
more aggressive.
They were also more likely to behave aggressively than were
participants who had been exposed to subliminal
nonaggressive words. (Todorov & Bargh, 2002)
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Perceptual Integration
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Introductory Psychology Concepts: Sensation
Perceptual Integration – video (playtime 5.09)
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Perception
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Sensation
Introductory Psychology Concepts : Perception
Perception
Giving Meaning to Sensation.
The sorting out, interpretation, analysis, and integration of
stimuli by the sense organs and brain.
1. Stimulus is
received by
sensory receptors.
Sensation
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Perception
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Sensation
Introductory Psychology Concepts : Perception
Perception
Giving Meaning to Sensation.
The sorting out, interpretation, analysis, and integration of
stimuli by the sense organs and brain.
1. Stimulus is
received by
sensory receptors.
Sensation
Perception
2. Receptors
translate stimulus
properties into
nerve impulses
(transduction).
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Sensation
Introductory Psychology Concepts : Perception
Perception
Giving Meaning to Sensation.
The sorting out, interpretation, analysis, and integration of
stimuli by the sense organs and brain.
1. Stimulus is
received by
sensory receptors.
3. Feature
detectors analyze
stimulus features.
Sensation
Perception
2. Receptors
translate stimulus
properties into
nerve impulses
(transduction).
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Sensation
Introductory Psychology Concepts : Perception
Perception
Giving Meaning to Sensation.
The sorting out, interpretation, analysis, and integration of
stimuli by the sense organs and brain.
1. Stimulus is
received by
sensory receptors.
3. Feature
detectors analyze
stimulus features.
Sensation
Perception
2. Receptors
translate stimulus
properties into
nerve impulses
(transduction).
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4. Stimulus features
are reconstructed
into neural
representation.
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Sensation
Introductory Psychology Concepts : Perception
Perception
Giving Meaning to Sensation.
The sorting out, interpretation, analysis, and integration of
stimuli by the sense organs and brain.
1. Stimulus is
received by
sensory receptors.
3. Feature
detectors analyze
stimulus features.
5. Neural representation
is compared with previously
stored information in brain.
Sensation
Perception
2. Receptors
translate stimulus
properties into
nerve impulses
(transduction).
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4. Stimulus features
are reconstructed
into neural
representation.
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Sensation
Introductory Psychology Concepts : Perception
Perception
Giving Meaning to Sensation.
The sorting out, interpretation, analysis, and integration of
stimuli by the sense organs and brain.
1. Stimulus is
received by
sensory receptors.
3. Feature
detectors analyze
stimulus features.
5. Neural representation
is compared with previously
stored information in brain.
Sensation
Perception
2. Receptors
translate stimulus
properties into
nerve impulses
(transduction).
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4. Stimulus features
are reconstructed
into neural
representation.
6. Matching process
results in recognition
and interpretation of
stimulus.
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Sensation
Introductory Psychology Concepts : Perception
Perception
Gestalt Principles of Perceptual Organization: organizing the
separate parts of our perceptual field into a unified and
meaningful whole
One stimulus, two perceptions
This reversible figure illustrates
alternating figure-ground relations.
It can be seen as a vase,or as two
people facing one another.
Whichever percept exists at the
moment is seen as figure against
background.
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Introductory Psychology Concepts: Sensation
Introductory Psychology Concepts : Perception
Perception
Gestalt Principles of Perceptual Organization
Organizing the separate parts of our perceptual field into a unified and
meaningful whole.
Figure-ground relationships
Tendency to organize stimuli into a central or foreground figure and a
background.
Gestalt perceptual laws
A series of principles that describe how we organize bits and pieces of
information into meaningful wholes.
Gestalt is the German term for “pattern”, “whole”, or “form”.
Each principle causes
us to organize stimuli
into wholes that are
greater than the sums
of their parts.
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Introductory Psychology Concepts: Sensation
Introductory Psychology Concepts : Perception
Perception
Perceptual Constancies: allowing us to recognize familiar
stimuli under varying conditions
Shape constancy
Allows us to recognize people and other objects from many different
angles.
Brightness constancy
The relative brightness of objects remains the same under different
conditions of illumination (full sunlight and shade).
Size constancy
Perception that the size of objects remains relatively constant even
though images on our retina change in size with variations in distance.
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Introductory Psychology Concepts: Sensation
Introductory Psychology Concepts : Perception
Perception
Depth Perception: translating two-dimensional information
(length and width) into three-dimensional perceptions.
Monocular depth cues
(requiring only one eye):
Patterns of light and shadow
Typically used by artists to create
perceptions of depth in their pictures.
Linear perspective
The perception that parallel lines
converge as they recede into the
distance.
Interposition
Objects closer to us may cut off part of
our view of more distant objects.
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Patterns of light and shadow can
serve as monocular depth cues.
Drawing Hands, by M.C. Escher
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Sensation
Introductory Psychology Concepts : Perception
Perception
Depth Perception: Monocular depth clues (continued)
Texture gradient
The texture or grain of an object appears finer as distance increases.
Clarity
We can see nearby hills more clearly than ones that are far away.
Relative size
Looking at two objects of similar size, the one that looks smaller will be
judged to be farther away.
Height in the horizontal plane
A ship 5 miles offshore appears to be in a higher plane and closer to the
horizon than does one that is only 1 mile from shore.
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Introductory Psychology Concepts: Sensation
Introductory Psychology Concepts : Perception
Perception
Depth Perception: Monocular depth clues (continued)
Motion parallax
Tells us that if we are moving, nearby objects appear to move faster in
the opposite direction than do far-away ones.
Like other monocular cues, motion provides us with information we can
use to make judgments about distance and therefore about depth.
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Introductory Psychology Concepts: Sensation
Introductory Psychology Concepts : Perception
Perception
Depth Perception: Monocular depth clues (continued)
7 monocular depth
cues are used in this
mural to create a
3-dimensional depth
effect.
1 : Linear perspective
3
2 : Relative size
6
7
4,5
3 : Height in the
horizontal plane
2
4, 5 : Texture and clarity
1
6 : Interposition
7 : Light and shadow
Mississippi River flood wall, Cape Girardeau, Missouri
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Introductory Psychology Concepts: Sensation
Introductory Psychology Concepts : Perception
Perception
Depth Perception: Binocular depth cues (require both eyes):
Binocular disparity
Each eye sees a slightly different image.
Convergence
Produced by feedback from the muscles
that turn your eyes inward to view a close
object.
View-Master slides use the
principle of binocular disparity to
create the perception of depth.
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Introductory Psychology Concepts: Sensation
Introductory Psychology Concepts : Perception
Perception
Factors Affecting Perception:
Top-down processing
Perception that is guided by higher-level knowledge, experience,
expectations, and motivations.
Top-down processing is illustrated by the importance of context in
determining how we perceive objects.
The power of context is
shown in this figure.
Note how the B and the
13 are identical.
(Source: Coren & Ward, 1989.)
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Introductory Psychology Concepts: Sensation
Introductory Psychology Concepts : Perception
Perception
Factors Affecting Perception:
Bottom-up processing
Perception that consists of the progression of recognizing and
processing information from individual components of a stimuli and
moving to the perception of the whole.
Top-down and bottom-up processing occur simultaneously and interact
with each other in our perception of the world around us.
BOTTOM-UP PROCESSING
TOP-DOWN PROCESSING
Combination and interpretation of “whole”
Concept, Expectation
Breakdown/analysis of stimuli
Guides, analysis
Detection of individual stimulus elements
Interpretation of incoming stimuli
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Introductory Psychology Concepts: Sensation
Introductory Psychology Concepts : Perception
Perception
Visual Illusions: compelling but incorrect perceptions.
Physical stimuli that consistently produce errors in perception.
The Parthenon looks perfectly
straight, with right angles at
every corner.
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Introductory Psychology Concepts: Sensation
Introductory Psychology Concepts : Perception
Perception
Visual Illusions: compelling but incorrect perceptions.
Physical stimuli that consistently produce errors in perception.
b.
The Parthenon looks perfectly
straight, with right angles at
every corner.
However, if had been built with
true right angles, it would have
looked as it does in figure (b).
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Sensation
Introductory Psychology Concepts : Perception
Perception
Visual Illusions: compelling but incorrect perceptions.
Physical stimuli that consistently produce errors in perception.
b.
c.
The Parthenon looks perfectly
straight, with right angles at
every corner.
However, if had been built with
true right angles, it would have
looked as it does in figure (b).
To compensate for this illusion,
the Parthenon was designed to
have a slight upward curvature
as shown in (c).
(Source: Coren & Ward, 1989, p.5.)
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Sensory Processes and Brain Integration
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Introductory Psychology Concepts: Sensation
Sensory Processes and Brain Integration – video (playtime 5.10)
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Vision
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Introductory Psychology Concepts: Sensation
Vision
Interpretation of the electromagnetic spectrum in terms of
amplitude and wavelength
Light energy.
Of the full spectrum of
electromagnetic radiation,
only the narrow band between
400 and 700 nanometers (nm)
is visible to the human eye.
One nanometer equals
one 1,000,000,000th of a
meter.
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Introductory Psychology Concepts: Sensation
Vision
Light, color (hue), brightness, and saturation
Visible Light.
+ The lowest visible frequency is called red, the highest is violet.
+ White light is an even distribution of all visible light.
+ Black is the absence of light.
Hue, Saturation, and Brightness.
+ Hue is the actual color. It is measured in angular degrees
counter-clockwise around the cone starting and ending at
red=0 or 360.
+ Saturation is the purity of color, measured in percentage from
the center of the cone (0) to the surface (100).
+ Brightness is measured in percent from black (0)
to white (100).
Source: http://www.tomjewett.com
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Introductory Psychology Concepts: Sensation
Vision
Parts of the eye
Retina
Iris
Cornea
Fovea
Pupil
{
Lens
Ciliary muscles
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Optic nerve
to the brain
Blind spot
(optic disk)
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Sensation
Vision
Parts of the eye
The iris regulates the size of the pupil.
Retina
Iris
Cornea
Fovea
Pupil
{
Lens
Ciliary muscles
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Optic nerve
to the brain
Blind spot
(optic disk)
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Sensation
Vision
Parts of the eye
Retina
Iris
Cornea
Fovea
Pupil
{
Lens
Ciliary muscles
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Optic nerve
to the brain
Blind spot
(optic disk)
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Sensation
Vision
Parts of the eye
The retina contains the rod and cone photoreceptor cells.
Retina
Iris
Cornea
Fovea
Pupil
{
Lens
Ciliary muscles
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Optic nerve
to the brain
Blind spot
(optic disk)
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Sensation
Vision
Parts of the eye
The image entering the eye is reversed by the lens and cast on the retina.
Retina
Iris
Cornea
Fovea
Pupil
{
Lens
Ciliary muscles
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Optic nerve
to the brain
Blind spot
(optic disk)
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Sensation
Vision
Parts of the eye
The optic disk, where the optic nerve exits the eye, has no receptors and
produces a blind spot, as demonstrated in the enlarged view below.
Ganglion Amacrine Bipolar Horizontal
cells
cells
cells
cells
Cone Rod
Back
of
eye
Light
Blind spot (optic disk)
Optic
nerve
fibers
(to
brain)
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Ganglion
cell layer
Bipolar cell
layer
Photoreceptor
layer
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Sensation
Vision
Two classic theories of color vision:
1: Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory (three types of cones)
The Young-Helmholtz trichromatic
theory proposed three different
receptors, one for blue, one for
green, one for red.
The ratio of activity in the three types
of cones yields our experience of a
particular hue, or color.
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Introductory Psychology Concepts: Sensation
Vision
Two classic theories of color vision:
2: Hering’s opponent-process theory (red-green and blue-yellow
cones)
Hering’s opponent-process theory also
assumed that there are three different
receptors: one for blue-yellow, one for
red-green, one for black-white.
Each of the receptors can function in
two possible ways, depending on the
wavelength of the stimulus.
Again, the pattern of activity in the
receptor yields our perception of the
hue.
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Introductory Psychology Concepts: Sensation
Vision
Color Blindness
+ Trichromats: people with normal color vision
+ Dichromats: deficient in the blue-yellow system, the red-green system,
or both. (Approximately 7% of the male population and 1% of the
female population are dichromats.)
+ Monochromats: sensitive only to the black-white system,
totally color-blind.
These dotted figures are used to test for
color-deficient vision.
The left one tests for blue-yellow color
blindness, the right one for red-green
color blindness.
Because the dots in the picture are of
equal brightness, color is the only
available cue for perceiving the numbers
in the circles.
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Introductory Psychology Concepts: Sensation
Visual Information Processing – animation (playtime 0.46)
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Parts of the Eye and Visual Pathways
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Introductory Psychology Concepts: Sensation
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Parts of the Eye and Visual Pathways
Identify the structures of the human
eye and describe their functions.
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Introductory Psychology Concepts: Sensation
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Parts of the Eye and Visual Pathways
Identify the pathways for visual
stimulation and describe the
brain’s role in visual information
processing.
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Sensation
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Parts of the Eye and Visual Pathways
Identify the pathways for visual
stimulation and describe the
brain’s role in visual information
processing.
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Sensation
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Parts of the Eye and Visual Pathways
Identify the pathways for visual
stimulation and describe the
brain’s role in visual information
processing.
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Hearing
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Introductory Psychology Concepts: Sensation
Hearing

Transduction of sound waves
The waves produced by different stimuli are transmitted—usually through
the air — in different patterns, with lower frequencies indicated by fewer
peaks and valleys per second.
Lower frequency
(lower pitch)
(Source: Seeley, Stephens, & Tate, 2000.)
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Higher frequency
(higher pitch)
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Sensation
Hearing

Sound: pitch (frequency); loudness and timbre (purity)
Frequency (Hz)
determines pitch (tone)
Low pitch
High pitch
Amplitude determines
intensity (loudness) (dB)
Soft
Loud
Auditory stimuli.
• Sound waves are a form of mechanical energy.
• As the tuning fork vibrates, it produces successive waves of compression and expansion of
air molecules.
• The number of maximum compressions per second is its frequency, measured in hertz (Hz).
• The height of the wave above zero air pressure represents the sound’s amplitude.
• Frequency determines pitch, amplitude determines loudness, measured in decibels (dB).
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Introductory Psychology Concepts: Sensation
Hearing

Parts of the ear
Ossicles
Tympanic
membrane
(eardrum)
Malleus Incus Stapes
(hammer) (anvil) (stirrup)
Semicircular
canals
Auditory
vestibular nerves
(to brain)
Cochlea
External auditory
canal
Oval Round Vestibular
window window
sacs
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Auditory
tube
A cross section of
the ear shows the
structures that
transmit sound
waves from the
auditory canal to
the cochlea.
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Sensation
Hearing

Parts of the ear
Ossicles
Tympanic
membrane
(eardrum)
Malleus Incus Stapes
(hammer) (anvil) (stirrup)
Semicircular
canals
Auditory
vestibular nerves
(to brain)
Cochlea
External auditory
canal
Oval Round Vestibular
window window
sacs
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Auditory
tube
Sound waves
travel into an
auditory canal
leading to the
eardrum, a
membrane that
vibrates in
response to the
sound waves.
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Sensation
Hearing

Parts of the ear
Ossicles
Tympanic
membrane
(eardrum)
Malleus Incus Stapes
(hammer) (anvil) (stirrup)
Semicircular
canals
Auditory
vestibular nerves
(to brain)
Cochlea
External auditory
canal
Oval Round Vestibular
window window
sacs
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Auditory
tube
Beyond the
eardrum is the
middle ear, a
cavity housing the
three smallest
bones in the body:
the hammer, anvil,
and stirrup.
The vibrating
activity of these
bones amplifies
the sound waves
more than 30
times.
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Sensation
Hearing

Parts of the ear
Ossicles
Tympanic
membrane
(eardrum)
Malleus Incus Stapes
(hammer) (anvil) (stirrup)
Semicircular
canals
Auditory
vestibular nerves
(to brain)
Cochlea
External auditory
canal
Oval Round Vestibular
window window
sacs
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Auditory
tube
The stirrup
(stapes) is
attached to the
oval window, a
membrane which
forms the
boundary
between the
middle ear and
the inner ear.
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Sensation
Hearing

Parts of the ear
Ossicles
Tympanic
membrane
(eardrum)
Malleus Incus Stapes
(hammer) (anvil) (stirrup)
Semicircular
canals
Auditory
vestibular nerves
(to brain)
Cochlea
External auditory
canal
Oval Round Vestibular
window window
sacs
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Auditory
tube
The inner ear
contains the
cochlea, a snailshaped tube
about 1.4 inches
in length that is
filled with fluid and
vibrates in
response to
sound.
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Sensation
Hearing

Parts of the ear : inside the cochlea
Vestibular
membrane
Tectorial
membrane
Scala
vestibuli
Scala media
(cochlear duct)
Organ of
Corti
Hair
cells
Basilar
membrane
Auditory nerve
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Scala
tympani
In the cochlea,
sound waves are
translated into fluid
waves that
stimulate hair cells
in the organ of corti.
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Sensation
Hearing

Parts of the ear : inside the cochlea
Vestibular
membrane
Tectorial
membrane
Scala
vestibuli
Scala media
(cochlear duct)
Organ of
Corti
Hair
cells
Auditory nerve
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Scala
tympani
In the cochlea,
sound waves are
translated into fluid
waves that
stimulate hair cells
in the organ of corti.
The resulting
impulses reach the
brain via the
auditory nerve.
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Sensation
Hearing

Perception of Sound
Place theory of pitch perception:
The specific point in the cochlea where the fluid wave peaks and most
strongly bends the hair cells serves as a frequency coding cue.
Varying frequencies
stimulate different areas
of the basilar membrane.
High-frequency waves
peak quickly and
stimulate the membrane
close to the oval window.
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Sensation
Hearing

Perception of Sound
Frequency Theory of Pitch Perception:
Nerve impulses sent to the brain match the frequency of the sound
wave.
Both Frequency and Place Theories are applicable in their own
ways.
• At low frequencies:
Frequency Theory best explains sound wave frequency coding.
•
At higher frequencies:
Place Theory best explains the frequency of a sound wave coding.
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Sensation
Hearing

In the United States alone, more than 20 million people
suffer from impaired hearing.
They suffer from two major types of hearing loss:
•
Conduction Hearing Impairment
•
•
Problems with the mechanical system that transmits sound
waves to the cochlea
Nerve and Hearing Impairment caused by:
•
•
Damaged inner ear receptors or
Damage to the auditory nerve itself
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Introductory Psychology Concepts: Sensation
Auditory Information Processing – animation (playtime 0.55)
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Parts of the Ear and the Olfactory Sense
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Sensation
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Parts of the Ear and the Olfactory Sense
Identify the three areas of the ear and
describe the key structures of the
inner ear.
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Sensation
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Parts of the Ear and the Olfactory Sense
Identify the three areas of the ear and
describe the key structures of the
inner ear.
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Sensation
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Parts of the Ear and the Olfactory Sense
Identify the three areas of the ear and
describe the key structures of the
inner ear.
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Sensation
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Parts of the Ear and the Olfactory Sense
Describe how the olfactory sense processes a smell or odor.
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Sensation
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Parts of the Ear and the Olfactory Sense
Describe how the olfactory sense processes a smell or odor.
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Tactile Information Processing
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Sensation
Tactile Information Processing – animation (playtime 1.47)
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Processing Taste Information
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Sensation
Processing Taste Information – animation (playtime 0.25)
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Olfaction
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Sensation
Olfaction – animation (playtime 0.32)
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.