Transcript Biomes Ocean 2003 version

Oceans – Our Blue Planet
Tina Hu and John Golden
Ocean Zones
 Intertidal
 Pelagic
 Abyssal
 Benthic
Climate - Temperature
Average 3.8 ˚C
 Intertidal – extreme temp
 Pelagic – generally cold
 Benthic – very cold
Climate - Sunlight
 Intertidal – high exposure
 Pelagic
 upper receives sun
 lower receives little or
none
 Benthic – none
Climate - Rainfall
 More than 50% rain that
falls on Earth falls over the
ocean
Vegetation
 Phytoplankton
 Algae (seaweed)
 Angiosperms
 submerged (sea grass)
 not entirely submerged
(mangroves, coral)
Seasonal Changes
 Temperature
 many months to
change a few degrees
Limiting Factors
 Sunlight
 Temperature (metabolic
rates)
 Sea pressure
 Gases
 Nutrients – nitrate,
phosphate (produce
organic matter)
Ocean Animals
 Intertidal and pelagic
 Starfish
 Asterias forbesii
Ocean Animals
 Pelagic
 Beluga Whale
 Delphinapterus leucas
 Sea Lion
 Zalophus californianus
Ocean Animals
 Pelagic
 Giant Squid
 Architeuthis dux
 Congo Pufferfish
 Tetraodon miurus
Ocean Animals
 Mesopelagic
 Moon Jellyfish
 Aurelia aurita
Ocean Animals
 Benthic
 Giant Pacific Octopus
 Octopus dofleini
 Benthic Mollusks
Animal Adaptations - Intertidal
 Flat Body –prevent from
washing off rocks
 Outer Covering – slows
rate of water loss (during
low tide)
 Shell, exoskeleton
Animal Adaptations - Pelagic
 Countershading –
camouflage
 Sharks
 Blubber - insulation
 mammals (endothermic)
Animal Adaptations - Mesopelagic
 Camouflage - black,
silvery and even red
(absence of red light)
 Bioluminescence – light
emission to attract prey
Ocean Plants
 Eelgrass
 Vallisneria americana
 Turtle Grass
 Thalassia testudinum
Ocean Plants
 Widgeon Grass
 Ruppia maritima
 Star Grass
 Halophila engelmannii
Ocean Plants
 Buttonwood
 Conocarpus erectus
 Black mangrove
 Avicennia germinans
Ocean Plants
 Nipah Palm
 Nypa Fruticans
 Atlantic – East Pacific Red
Mangrove
 Rhizophora mangle
Plant Adaptations
 Remaining afloat and gaseous exchange are major
problems for hydrophytes
 Develop large intercellular spaces
 subdivided to prevent free movement of large air
bubbles, by forming complexes of cells, which become
effective bubble barriers
Plant Adaptations
 Large flat leaves for flotation
 Increased number of stomata on both sides of the leaves
 Stomata are open most of the time
 guard cells generally inactive, since water is everywhere
 Specialized roots designed to take in oxygen
Food Web
Primary Producers
Primary Consumers
Secondary Consumers
Tertiary Consumers
Human Influence
 Over-fishing
 Most of the world's major
fisheries are being fished
at levels above their
maximum sustainable yield
 The global fishing fleet is
about 250% larger than
needed to catch what the
ocean can sustainably
produce
Human Influence
 Pollution from Run-off
 Toxins from pesticides,
fertilizers, and chemicals
used on farms
contaminate nearby
rivers that flow into the
ocean
 Causes extensive loss of
marine life
Human Influence
 Dumping of Waste
 Ex. Dredged material,
industrial waste, sewage
sludge, and radioactive
waste
 Dredging contributes
about 80% of all waste
dumped into the ocean
 Adds up to several million
tons of material dumped
each year
Prevention
 The dumping of industrial,
nuclear and other waste into
oceans was legal until the
early 1970's when it became
regulated; however,
dumping still occurs illegally
everywhere.
Prevention
 The emerging science of Marine Conservation Biology
addresses the rapidly deteriorating state of marine life by
applying science to marine conservation
 New field developed after the First Symposium on Marine
Conservation Biology (1997)
Prevention
 The study of marine conservation biology facilitates the cross-
pollination of a number of disciplines in marine science
 Ex. marine biology, ecology, ichthyology, oceanography, and
biological oceanography
 Result: scientific data can be used to help solve problems
effectively and sustainably
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