Transcript Shiretoko World Heritage

http://risk.kan.ynu.ac.jp/matsuda/2007/071201MB.ppt
Development of adaptive ecosystem
management and co-management plan in
a marine world natural heritage,
Shiretoko
Hiroyuki MATSUDA (Yokohama Nat’l Univ)
Co-working with
Mitsutaku MAKINO (Fisheries Res. Agency)
Yasunori SAKURAI (Hokkaido Univ)
1
http://risk.kan.ynu.ac.jp/matsuda/2007/071201MB.ppt
Profile -- Hiroyuki MATSUDA
Mathematical ecologist, (adaptive
dynamics, fisheries management, wildlife anagement)
Yokohama National University
Professor of Environmental Risk Management
Program Leader of JSPS Global COE “Global Eco-Risk
Management from Asian Viewpoints” (10 postdocs)
The 1st Japanese Pew Marine Conservation Fellow
WWF Japan: Advisory Committee for Nature Consv.
Standing Committee of Ecol Soc Japan
former Chief Editor of Jpn J Cons Ecol
2
http://risk.kan.ynu.ac.jp/matsuda/2007/071201MB.ppt
Overview
1. Role of Scientific Committee in
Shiretoko World Natural Heritage
–
–
1st SC for Japan World Heritage
Zig-zag review process of the Heritage
2. Marine Ecosystem with coastal fisheries
3. Why do I expect in
Shiretoko Heritage?
3
Scientific Committee
for Shiretoko Heritage
1st meeting July 16 2004
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
{
Deer WG
after IUCN 2nd letter
Marine WG
River Structures WG
Plant- Ishikawa, Kudoh, Takahashi
Forest- Igarashi, (Ishigaki* until 2006)
Mammal- Ohtaishi*, Kaji*, M.Kobayashi
Bird- Nakagawa
Fish- Komiyama, Kaeriyama
River- Nakamura*
Marine- Sakurai*, Sano, Hattori
Matsuda (model), Kaneko (GIS), (*chair of SC, WGs)
A.Kobayashi (Sociology since 2006)
4
“Dutch roll” in review process of
Shiretoko World Heritage
• 04/Jan Management Plan in Shiretoko Heritage
– Promised no more fishing regulation to fishers.
04/Aug IUCN sent a letter (dams, marine area)
04/Nov Japan Gov. replied without SC’s advise
05/Feg IUCN’s 2nd letter “expand marine area”
05/Mar SC’s recommendation “conservation
without regulation”
• 05/Jul UNESCO accepted Shiretoko Heritage
• 07/Dec. Marine Management Plan
• 08/Feb. IUCN Inquiry Commission visit
•
•
•
•
5
• More conserve marine
• Try to make MPAs
“Dutch
roll”
in
review
process
of
• Impact assessment of dams on
Shiretoko World Heritage
salmons
• 04/Jan Management Plan in Shiretoko Heritage
– Promised no more fishing regulation to fishers.
04/Aug IUCN sent a letter (dams, marine area)
04/Nov Japan Gov. replied without SC’s advise
05/Feg IUCN’s 2nd letter “expand marine area”
05/Mar SC’s recommendation
• Need not only“conservation
fish path but more
without regulation”
essential solution for dams
• 05/Jul UNESCO accepted Shiretoko Heritage
• Need MPAs for sustainable
• 07/Dec. Marine Management Plan
fisheries, committed by Fisheries
• 08/Feb. IUCN Inquiry
Commission
visit WG
Agency,
making Marine
•
•
•
•
6
• Expand marine area
We do not need more
• Hurry up to make
Marine
walleye pollock
“Dutch
roll” regulation
in reviewforprocess
of
Management Plan for
Shiretoko World Heritage
more conservation
• 04/Jan Management Plan in Shiretoko Heritage
– Promised no more fishing regulation to fishers.
04/Aug IUCN sent a letter (dams, marine area)
04/Nov Japan Gov. replied without SC’s advise
05/Feg IUCN’s 2nd letter “expand marine area”
05/Mar SC’s recommendation “conservation
without regulation”
• 05/Jul UNESCO accepted Shiretoko Heritage
• 07/Dec. Marine Management Plan
• 08/Feb. IUCN Inquiry Commission visit
•
•
•
•
7
http://risk.kan.ynu.ac.jp/matsuda/EXPO-Shiretoko.html
Japan still needs pressure from abroad.
Shiretoko World Heritage
• 1st Application of Japan EIA law (1999).
IUCN’s letter that recommends
• BIE informally criticized post-EXPO land
more conservation (Aug 2004)
development (Sep 1999).
The press reported the 1st letter • EIA Advisory Committee accepted the EIS
by IUCN (19 Sep 2004).
with major revision (13 Jan 2000).
The Government replied to IUCN • The local newspaper scooped BIE’s
ignored SC’s advise (5 Nov 2004). criticism (14 Jan 2000)
IUCN sent the 2nd letter to
• Japan Delegates visited Paris but BIE
expand marine area (2 Feb
explicitly requested agreement with
2005)
environmental NGOs (2 Feb 2005).
Fishers increased fishing-ban
• Government and Env. NGOs agreed
area (10 Mar 2005)
cancellation of post-EXPO development
UNESCO registered Shiretoko
& revision of EXPO plan (30 Mar 2000)
Heritage (31 May 2005)
• BIE registered Aichi EXPO 2005 (Nov
2000)
8
• 1st SC for World Heritage in Japan
•
•
•
•
•
Aichi EXPO 2005
Problems in SC & Marine
WG
読売新聞
• Government promised to Fishers
Associations not to make further
regulation for World Heritage
• IUCN requested further
conservation efforts.
• SC’s solution:
– Increasing effort for
conservation by fishers
– Describe management plan as
fishers are doing.
– Expand area including shelf
9
Hokkaido Newspaper
SC chair and members
got angry because
Governm’t ignoured
our advise for IUCN’s
1st comments. Government asked SC’s
advise for IUCN’s 2nd
comments and
resulted in “expand
marine area without
regulation”
Fishers accepted expansion
of marine area
An SC member said
to fishers, “it is
impossible to add
no more regulation
forever”
10
“MPAs” to protect Walleye pollock
177 boats fished walleye pollock in 1995
Decreased to 86 boats in 2004 (49% reduction)
Compensation to retired fishers by Fisheries Organization
Fishing ban during Mar 20-end since 1995
Fishers expanded Fishing ban area in 2005
Fishing-ban area since 1995
Spawning
ground
Shiretoko Peninsula
Since 2005
Bottom trawling is totally prohibited11in the coastal area
31 May 2005
Nation-wide top-news
celebrated accept of Shiretoko
Heritage
… we still have
many problems.
• Many dams and tourists
• Make marine management plan that…
– must show how to conserve ecosystems.
• Invite IUCN Inquiry in 2008.
• Former Chair said, heavy and concrete
problems.
12
http://hokkaido.yomiuri.co.jp/shiretoko/rensai/sekai_20050602.htm
Fishers & Mayor were worried about
further requests for conservation
• On May 31st, Mayor Wakinori read an
evening paper showing that UNESCO
will accept Shiretoko Heritage proposal
but IUCN recommended more effort
on conservation. He lost words and
was worried about reality of more and
more regulation due to World Heritage.
He was not glad to hear the news of
acceptance of World Heritage…
(Yomiuri Newspaper, June 2nd 2005, Tokyo)
13
http://risk.kan.ynu.ac.jp/matsuda/2007/071201MB.ppt
Overview
1. Role of scientists in management planning
2. Marine Ecosystem with coastal fisheries
• Making the Marine Management Plan
• Coastal fisheries in World Heritage
• Dams, salmonids sapling, cull of sea lions
3. Why do I expect in Shiretoko Heritage?
14
Draft for Marine Ecosystem Management in
Shiretoko World Heritage
Marine ecosystem
conservation in
adjacent regions
Sustainable
ecotourism
Sustainable
fisheries
Land-marine
ecosystem
interactions
2006/5/22
Marine debris source
traceability
Control of bycatch and cull of
marine mammals
Control of marine ecotourism
Co-management of salmons
fishery
Management of coastal
fishing grounds
Co-management of walleye
pollock fishery
Dam assessment for
salmonids
Oceanographic review of marine environment
Conservation of sustainable fisheries
Ecological and economical
preview of fisheries
Corrabolation between
Japan and Russia
Gather data of
Russian fisheries
Conservation of wild
salmons
15
H.M. 24 Sep 06
Data collection and Monitoring
• The Science Committee depicted the food web
structure in the Shiretoko Heritage site.
• Government compiles catch data of species.
• SC choose other necessary data for ecosystem
management, such as weather, water quality,
ice drift, planktons, key stone species, etc.
• Clarify benchmarks!!
16
http://abchan.job.affrc.go.jp/digests17
Walleye pollock problems for
Total Allowable Catch (TAC)
• Russia exploit this fish by big
trawl nets
• Lack of data in Russian waters
• Do not exploit spawning fish
too much
17
http://risk.kan.ynu.ac.jp/matsuda/2007/071201MB.ppt
Overview
1. Role of scientists in management planning
2. Marine Ecosystem with coastal fisheries
• Making the Marine Management Plan
• Coastal fisheries in World Heritage
• Dams, salmonids sapling, cull of sea lions
3. Why do I expect in Shiretoko Heritage?
18
Coastal Foodweb at Shiretoko Heritage
Most of keystone species are caught
and recorded by local fishers org.s!
Sustainable fisheries play roles of
“umbrella species” like top predators!
19
Draft food web by SC
tons
Fisheries catch statistics in Shiretoko Area
Very informative time-series data for
monitoring the changes in ecosystem
structure/functions
20
Made by Mitsutaku Makino
MPA to protect walleye pollock
• 177 boats fished walleye pollock in 1995
• Decreased to 86 boats in 2004 (49% reduction)
– Compensation to retired fishers by Fisheries Organization
• Fishing ban during Mar 20-end since 1995
• Fishing ban area expanded in 2005
Since 1995
Spawning
ground
Since
2005
21
Bottom trawling is totally prohibited
in the coastal area
http://risk.kan.ynu.ac.jp/matsuda/2007/071201MB.ppt
Overview
1. Role of scientists in management planning
2. Marine Ecosystem with coastal fisheries
• Making the Marine Management Plan
• Coastal fisheries in World Heritage
• Dams, salmonids sapling, cull of sea lions
3. Why do I expect in Shiretoko Heritage?
22
Goals of marine management
plan
th
5 World Fisheries Congress
at Yokohama, Oct 2008.
• Sustainable use of walleye pollock
• Wild population of salmonids
– Examine effects of sapling on wild salmons
– Sapling is fishery’s benefit
• Conservation of sea lions &
marine mammals andAdvisors
birds for cull limit review by
• Control of eco-tourismJpn Fish Agency (HM & YS)
• Survey of debris sources
• Cowork with Russian scientists
Abe & Putin agreed to organize Japan23
Russia Scientists Meeting
http://www.5thwfc2008.com/index.html
5th World Fisheries Congress
Fisheries for Global Welfare and Environmental Conservation
Yokohama, 20-24 Oct 2008
Looking for invited speakers
Session 7 Biodiversity and Management (H.Matsuda)
7-1. Biodiversity Cons. & Sustainable Fish. Mngmnt of Salmonids
7-2. Adaptive management of cetaceans and other marine species
7-3. Species/genetic diversity and conservation for fisheries
7-4. Assessment of biodiversity and ecosystem services
7-5. Ecosystem and habitat assessment and management
7-6. Inland Fisheries --The Hidden Crisis
7-7. Eel ecology and its sustainable stock management
7-8. Stock Structure and Habitat of Pacific Swordfish & …
8-8. Territorial use rights in fisheries and spatial management
2007/12/1
1-5. Role of hatcheries in management and conservation
1-6. Stock assessment methods: status and recent innovations
1-7. Fisheries by-catch
1-8. Seamount fisheries
5-5. Ecosystems and fisheries (general)
24
8-2: Resource Management and Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
Missions of the SC
• Describe and evaluate voluntary management of
coastal fisheries as they do
• Okhotsk stock assessment of walleye pollock and
make a stock recovery plan
– By spawners, catch and CPUE including Russian data.
• Build relationship with Russian scientists and …
• Examine effects of sapling of salmonids on wild
population and fisheries
• PVA of sea lions based on responsible data
25
Kuril Population of Steller sea lions
Population size
ca 80% decline
Adults+juveniles (Perlov 1991)
26
# killed sea lions in Japan
# struck, damage (million yen)
Injuried
Missing into the sea
Culled
Cull + injuried + missing
Damage on fishing nets
•
2006/5/22
Ohtaishi & Wada (eds, 1999), Hokkaido Pref.
27
Recently, the western Pacific Steller’s sea lions
are recovering （Burkanov and Loughlin 2005）
2006/5/22
http://www.jfa.maff.go.jp/release/19/081001.pdf
28
Sea lion problems now
• When the Shiretoko became the World Heritage
in 2005, IUCN did not requested cull-ban of sea
lions but conserve their prey.
• Damage on fishers by sea lions is increasing
• Number of by-catch is still unreported.
• Since 1995, cull limit was 116 per year.
• Sea lions is now gradually recovering
• We can eat meat of culled sea lions
• 1 professional hunter has 50 catch quota.
2006/5/22
29
Potential Biological Removal (PBR) for sea lions
(Japan Fisheries Agency, Oct 2007)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
PBR = 0.5 Nmin Rmax Fr
PBR = 0.5 x 5063 x 0.12 x 0.75 = 227
However, the number of by-catches is unknown!
No data show that culling decreases damage
We estimated 107 by-catches (probably overestimation)
#Annual cull limit is (116 to) 120 sea lions.
We encourage compiling by-catch and catch report.
2006/5/22
http://www.jfa.maff.go.jp/release/19/081001.pdf
30
http://risk.kan.ynu.ac.jp/matsuda/2007/071201MB.ppt
Overview
1. Role of scientists in management planning
2. Marine Ecosystem with coastal fisheries
3. Why do I expect in Shiretoko Heritage?
– Nature evaluated by IUCN
– Voluntary activities of fishers
– Jpn-Russia co-management
31
IUCN Review Report
Criterion II Ecosystem processes
Shiretoko provides an outstanding
example of the interaction of marine and terrestrial ecosystems as
well as extraordinary ecosystem
productivity, largely influenced by
the formation of seasonal sea ice
at the lowest latitude in the northern hemisphere. This process
supports the formation of phytoplankton, the primary producer in
the marine ecosystem and provides the source of food for
marine and terrestrial species…
32
IUCN Review Report
Criterion IV Biodiversity
Shiretoko has particular importance
for a number of marine and terrestrial species. These include a number
of endangered and endemic species,
such as the Blackiston’s fish owl
and the plant species Viola kitamiana.
The property is globally important for
salmonids,
marine
mammals,
including the Steller’s sea lion and
cetaceans.
The
property
has
significance as a habitat for globally
threatened sea birds and is a globally
important area for migratory birds….
33
http://risk.kan.ynu.ac.jp/matsuda/2007/071201MB.ppt
Overview
1.Role of scientists in management planning
2.Marine Ecosystem with coastal fisheries
3.Why do I expect in Shiretoko Heritage?
– Nature evaluated by IUCN
– Voluntary activities of fishers
– Jpn-Russia co-management
34
(Makino 2005)
Voluntary Activities
Forestation activities by local
people
Local legend says
“Forests are the roots of coastal fish”
(http://www.jf-net.ne.jp/hkyubetsu/sigen.htm)
(http://www.jf-net.ne.jp/amhiranaigyokyo/)
35
Voluntary Activities
Resource Enhancement (release of seeds)
36
(Makino 2005)
(Makino 2005)
Voluntary Activities
• Introduction of MPAs
(no-take zones) in Kyoto
prefecture for snow crab
fishery (Makino 2007 in
FAO Tech. Paper)
37
Dr Y. Kagami
Japan played an active role at
the establishment of MPAs
MPA is an area for sustainable use
T.Tamura
and ecosystem conservation
＊1st Conference for World Natural Parks (1962
Seattle)
Marine park system in Japan was established
after this conference
＊International Conference for Marine Parks
(1975 Tokyo)
1st international meeting to establish MPAs
MPA includes No-take Zone
Laws for MPAs in Japan
(Simard 1995, Takahashi 2004)
Natural Park Law (1957, 1970)
1) Ordinary area -Inland Sea of Japan, Shiretoko
2) Marine park area -64 areas, 2690.1ha
Nature Environment Protection Law (1972)
3) Marine Special Area -1 area (Sakiyama Bay 128ha)
Law of Fisheries Resource Conservation (1951)
4) Fisheries conservation area-120 areas
5) Voluntary fishing-ban area – Shiretoko, Kyoto, Aichi,…
UNESCO MAB (Man and Biosphere Program)
6) Biosphere Researve -Yakushima…
39
Dr Y. Kagami
Upper Stream
Sanda city
The oldest “MPA” in Japan
1665m of Muko coasts in Settsu County (August 689
AD, “Nihon-Shoki”)
Takarazuka city
Lower Stream
Nishinomiya city
Estuary
Institutional Advantages
of Japanese fisheries management for EBM
(Makino 2005)
•
•
•
•
Decentralized management systems.
Mutual watch against cheaters with lower cost
Use of both local and scientific knowledge.
Multi-scale and interlinked coordinating
organizations.
• Flexible management processes based on
daily fishery operations.
41
Institutional Challenges and necessary policy
(Makino 2005)
measures for EBM
• Ecosystem perspectives (e.g. inter-species
relationships) .
• Stakeholder involvement (not only fishers).
• Identification of ecologically important data,
and role-sharing in data collection.
• Use of ecosystem indices & benchmarks.
• Use of the systems of MPAs.
42
http://risk.kan.ynu.ac.jp/matsuda/2007/071201MB.ppt
Overview
1.Role of scientists in management planning
2.Marine Ecosystem with coastal fisheries
3.Why do I expect in Shiretoko Heritage?
– Nature evaluated by IUCN
– Voluntary activities of fishers
– Japan-Russia co-management
43
http://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/1193.pdf
IUCN’s Technical evaluation
5.3 Neighbouring Islands
There are clear and apparent similarities between the environment and ecology in Shiretoko
and the neighbouring islands. It is noted that
there has been contact between Japanese and
Russian researchers. Should it be possible for
the States Parties to agree to promote the
conservation of these properties
in the future, there may be the
potential for development of
these properties as a wider
“World Heritage Peace Park”.
Mr Shepard
Yomiuri HP
44
Present protected areas in Japan and Russia
2006/5/22
45
(Dr M.Kobayashi)
My policy for consensus building
1. Seek a feasible solution that stakeholders can
agree to.
2. Make a scientific plan of stakeholders’ idea
3. Encourage practice of agreed management
4. Balance between sustainability and diversity
5. Acknowledge diversity in nature and culture
6. Scientists do not play as stakeholders!
7. Build trust between stakeholders!
8. Imagine more than one possible outcomes.
2006/5/22
46
Thank you for invitation!
Plant Red Data Book
I like to try real time case
studies with field ecologists!
Pelagic fish management
EXPO2005 at Aichi,
Revision of RDB
Mainichi Shimbun
Bear management
Shiretoko World Heritage
FSNRI
Deer management
N. Ishii
2004/1/29
2006/5/22
Windfirm birdstrikes
Mongoose eradication
program at Amami Island
H.M. at Shiretoko
47
47