Transcript Chapter 1 The Growth of Oceanography

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MAR 105 - Introduction to
Oceanography
Professor Pamela Lynch
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Why Are You Here?
• Long Island is an ISLAND
• The Ocean is your backyard
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A synthetic view of our ocean planet
© digitalife/ShutterStock, Inc.
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Hawaii, 66’ wave, Fig. 9-16, p. 211
Our marine life is the stuff of movies!
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…and fables…
Aug. 1, 2008: “The Montauk Monster”
OCEANS?
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The Ocean
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• EARTH: The only planet w/ Oceans (or liquid
water)
• Covers 71% of earth’s surface
• “Divided” into 4 large basins
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Pacific (largest, deepest)
Atlantic
Indian
Arctic (smallest, shallowest)
(sometimes people add a 5th: the Antarctic,
“Southern Ocean”)
Figure 1.2
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Figure 1.3b
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Figure 1.3c
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The Ocean
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> Covers 71% of the earth’s surface (197
million square miles)
• Accounts for 97% of the water on earth
(rest in land ice, ground/freshwater, lakes &
rivers)
• Average depth = 3,796 meters (12,451
feet) (deepest = Mariana trench 11,022 m
or 36,163 ft)
• Average temp = 3.9oC (only 39oF)
Figure 1.3a
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Fnft
Figure 1.3d
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Fig. 1-1, Garrison
Important Facts
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• 81% of the Southern Hemisphere is covered
by Ocean (remember that! It’ll become really
important later…); while only 61% of the
Northern Hemisphere is covered – WHY?
• The Oceans are 4X as deep as the Continents
are high (average depth = 2.5 miles).
• The Pacific (Ocean) is so huge that it covers
almost ½ of the Earth’s surface; it is also the
Earth’s largest collection of water.
• We have 100X more “aquatic” habitats
available on earth than terrestrial habitats
(1.4 billion cubic kilometers).
Oceanography: What Is It?
• Oceanography is the scientific study of
the ocean by applying traditional
sciences, such as physics, chemistry,
geology, biology, and engineering, to all
aspects of the ocean.
Subdisciplines of
Oceanography
• Marine Geology– Composition of ocean floor and the earth
• Physical oceanography– Movement of water (waves, currents…)
• Chemical Oceanography– Ocean’s dissolved solids and gases
• Marine biology– marine organisms, the impact of human
activities on these organisms
• Marine Engineers– Design and build oil platforms, ships,
harbors etc. that enable us to use the
ocean wisely
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History of Marine
Biology/Oceanography
• Ocean explored for food, as trade routes,
wars, and for voyaging
• Mediterranean Sea: 1st voyages then the
Atlantic Ocean was explored (900-700 BC).
Cartographers (chart makers) on board.
• Alexander the Great: (Egypt) Lib. of Alexandria
• Christopher Columbus (1492):
“new world”
discovered by accident. Followed by Magellan (1500’s, Port.
navigator) and Cook (1768, comm. of Endeavour voyage)
• Charles Darwin
Naturalist on HMS Beagle (1831)
Figure 1.8
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History of Marine
Biology/Oceanography
• First Voyages ever to specifically study the ocean
(19 yrs. to publish, 50 volumes)
• Challenger Expedition (1872-1876): measuring
systems used, species samples
• Marine Laboratories
– Stazione Zooligica – Naples Italy (1872)
– MBL & Woods Hole Oceanograohic Institution–
Massachussets
– Scripps Institution of Oceanography, CA
– Friday Harbor Marine Lab, Washington
• Allowed long term observation of living organisms
Now: “Woods Hole”
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Oceanography…
•Then….and Now…
Then…
Ben Franklin
1769
Gulf Stream
chart
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Then…the “world” chart…3rd cen. BC
Let’s talk about OCEANS!
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Now…
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Then…500 B.C. greek ship
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Now…typical Research Vessel
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NOW: “Aquarius” FL Keyes underwater lab
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Figure 1.11