Transcript Slide 1

- Unit IV –
Prevention Measures for
Unintentional Introductions
Hitchhikers, Stowaways, Contaminants
Randy G. Westbrooks
Rebecca M. Westbrooks
Steven Manning
Global Invasive Species Programme
Cape Town, South Africa
Unit Objectives
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Understand, discuss, and provide examples of
IAS introductions by Commercial Shipping
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Understand, discuss, and provide examples of
Aircraft related IAS introductions
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Understand and discuss break bulk shipments,
intermodal containers, and other types of
packaging as vectors of IAS
Unit Session Outline and Agenda
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1300-1330. Session 1.
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1300-1400. Session 2.
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Break Bulk Cargo and Intermodal Containers.
1400-1430. Small Group Discussions.
1430. Small Group Presentations.
1500-1530. Break.
1530-1545. Class Discussion - Unit 4 Lab Exercise
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Introduction of IAS through Commercial Shipping.
Visit to Dar es Salaam Airport (Wed. – 13 December).
1545-1600. Review of Major Concepts in Unit IV.
1600-1630. Unit Four Evaluation.
Introduction to Unintentional Introductions.
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Hitchhikers, Stowaways, Contaminants – Organisms Transported by
Accident or Chance
Border Clearance – First Line of Defense Against Unintentionally
Introduced IAS
Quarantine Significant Hitchhikers – AQIS – 1995-2000
Pest
Origin
Commodity
Pathway
Gypsy Moth
Japan
Vehicle
Ocean Freight
Black
Carpenter Ant
USA
Building Materials
Ocean Freight
Giant African
Snail
Papua New
Guinea
Empty Container
Ocean Freight
Channeled
Apple Snail
Papua New
Guinea
Empty Container
Ocean freight
Honey Bee
Papua New
Guinea
Ship Crane
Ocean
Freighter
Khapra Beetle
Iran
Wind Chimes
Air – Baggage
Session 1. Unintentional Introductions
Through Commercial Shipping.
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4.1.1. Ballast Water – Hull Fouling.
Natural Spread of Marine Organisms
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Natural Barriers to Spread of Marine
Organisms
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Currents, Floating Logs, Debris
Temperature, Isolation of Continents
High Marine Diversity
Breach of Natural Barriers by Ocean
Going Ships
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Sailing Ships
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Solid Ballast (Soil, Sand, Rocks) – Major IAS
Pathway
Modern Ships
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Water Ballast in Tanks
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3-5 Billion Tons Water/Yr.
7,000 Aquatic Species Moved Annually
Ballast Water Exchange.
Cargo
Hold
Full
Unloading
Cargo
Loading Ballast
Water at
Source Port
Ballast Tanks
Empty During
Voyage
Loading
Cargo
Cargo
Hold
Empty
Discharging
Ballast Water At
Destination Port
Ballast Tanks
Full
During Voyage
Four Major Threats to Oceans
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Land Based Sources of
Marine Pollution
Overuse of Marine Resources
Physical Alter and
Destruction of Marine
Habitats
Aquatic Nuisance Species
In Ballast Water
 Hull Fouling Organisms
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Empty Ballast Water Tank
- ANS Factoid Between 1989-2000, control costs for
zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) in
the United States (introduced
to the Great Lakes in ballast
water from eastern Europe
in the mid-1980s), was
about $1 billion.
4.1.1.1. Case Study – American Comb
Jelly in the Black and Caspian Seas.
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1990s – Depleted Plankton in
Black Sea (Turkey)
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Fisheries Collapsed
1999 – Detected in the
Caspian Sea (Russia, Iran)
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Most Important Sturgeon
Fishery
Caspian Sea
4.1.1.3. Chinese Mitten Crab in CA.
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Burrowing Crab (From China)
Introduction to USA
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1990s – San Francisco Bay, Delta
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Ballast Water
Threat
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Native Invertebrates –
Fresh/Brackish Waters
Commercial Fishing and Shrimping
Operations
Intermediate Host for Oriental Lung
Fluke
Strategies for Minimizing Spread of
ANS by Ballast Water.
A. Mid-Ocean Exchange.
B. Discharge Ballast at Dock
While Loading Cargo.
A. OR B. ?????
Strategies for Minimizing ANS in Ballast Water.
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Mid-Ocean Ballast
Exchange
In-Situ Biocides to Kill
Organisms in Tanks
Ozone, Ultra-violet Light
Treatments
4.1.3. Plane and Ship Garbage.
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Foot and Mouth
Disease Outbreaks –
Many Traced to Ship
Garbage Fed to
Livestock
Garbage on Ships and
Planes from Foreign
Kept on Board
 Incinerated
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4.2. Aircraft Related Introductions.
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Major Pathway for
Rapid Spread
21 Hours – Raleigh,
NC to Dar es Salaam,
TNZ
 Aerosol Treatments
to Kill Hitchhiking
Insects –
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Mandatory upon
Arrival in AUS
4.2.1. Case Study – Brown Tree Snake
in the South Pacific
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BTS – Native to Papua New Guinea
1947 – Spread to Guam; Postwar
Construction Equipment
1950s – Sighted Inland from Seaport
Late 1960s – Dispersed Throughout Island
Mid-1970s – Endemic Birds Found
Declining
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BTS – 13,000 per Square Mile
Extinctions
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2/3 Native Bats
5/11 Native Lizards
9/12 Native Birds
Electrical Outages
Spread in Wheel Wells of Aircraft
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Hawaii, other Islands
Guam Rail
- 1965 – 50,000 Birds
- 1985 – 50 Birds
Session 2 - Inspection of Break Bulk
Cargo and Intermodal Containers.
4.3.1. Inspection and Treatment of Break Bulk
Cargo.
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Offloaded from Ship on
Pallets
Stored in Warehouses Until
Released for Delivery
Inspection – Simple,
Efficient
Tent Fumigation – If
Necessary
Case Study – Snails on WWII Tanks
from Portugal.
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July, 1982 – Shipment of
WWII Army Tanks
from Portugal Imported
Through Charleston, SC
All Tanks Infested with
Snails
Dock Perimeter Salted
Tanks Fumigated with
Methyl Bromide
4.3.3. Intermodal Containers – Modern
Shipping Wonder – Bane of Port Inspection.
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ICs – Introduced in
1950s
Streamlined Global
‘Door to Door’
Shipping
Convenient –
Loading Dock
Inspection
Tailgate Inspection –
Sometimes Totally
Ineffective
4.4. Commodity Packaging – as a
Vector of IAS.
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Solid Wood Packing – Primary
Shipping Material of Choice
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ISPM __ - IPPC Guidelines for
Regulating Wood Packaging Material in
International Trade. (2002).
Unprocessed Raw Wood
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Threat – Insects and Plant Diseases
Pallets, Dunnage, Crating, Packing blocks,
Drums, Skids
Mandatory – Condition of Entry
Treatments
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Heat treatment, kiln drying, or chemical
pressure impregnation
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Minimum core temperature of 56oC
(123oF) for a minimum of 30 minutes
Fumigation with methyl bromide
4.4.1.2. Case Study: Extruded Wire Shipments from
Ubisa, Spain – Charleston, S.C, 1981.
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Origin – Ubisa, Spain
Mode of Entry:
Containerized
Threat: Wood Bracing
Infested with Wood Borers
(Cerambycids)
Action: Fumigated with
Methyl Bromide
4.4.1.1. Case Study: Asian Longhorned Beetle in the United
States – Contaminant of Solid Wood Packing.
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Origin – China
Threat – Hardwood Trees
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1996 – New York City
1998 – Chicago
Treatment – None
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Maple, Horse Chestnut,
Mulberry, Black Locust,
Elm, Birch, Willow, Poplar,
Green Ash
Trees Destroyed
Probably Mode of Entry
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Untreated Raw Wood
Packing
Major Concepts in Unit 4.
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Means of conveyance can serve as IAS vectors.
3-5 Billion tons of water; 7,000 species of aquatic organisms are
moved around the world each Year.
Four greatest threats to Oceans – ANS, Marine Pollution, Over Use
of Marine Resources, Destruction of Marine Habitat.
The most widely recommended strategy for minimizing the
introduction of IAS in ballast water is mid-oceanic ballast exchange.
Over the past 150 years, numerous outbreaks of foot and mouth
disease in several countries have been traced back to infected meat
that was taken off ocean freighters at ports of entry around the world.
Cargo aircraft serve as a major vector for the spread of all types of
IAS. Insects typically enter aircraft being loaded at random, but in
greater numbers during the summer or rainy season.
Major Concepts in Unit 4, Contd.
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Containerization helped to streamline the movement of cargo through
ports of entry. However, it has seriously complicated the inspection
of imported cargo for hitchhiking IAS.
Raw, unprocessed wood, the primary material of choice for use as a
cargo packing material, is a high risk vector for spread of numerous
types of insect pests (e.g., wood boring insects, and bark beetles.
(To be effective in addressing invasive species, you need to know what
species are affected by IAS.
Targeted Education – Stevedores, Consignees, Final Users.
Unit 4 – Lab Exercise.
Date
1. Port of Entry Inspection
(e.g., Ship Hull, Ballast
Water Sampling, Ship
Hold, Dunnage, Aircraft,
Break Bulk Cargo in
Warehouse, Retrograde
Military Vehicles for Soil
Contamination and
Snails, Container
Inspection, Baggage
Inspection, etc.).
Port of Entry,
Country:
Inspector:
Cargo:
Mode of
Transport
Country of
Origin
Exporter
Pests Detected
2. Fill out the Following
Port of Entry Inspection
and Treatment Record.
Treatment
Required
Notes
Global Invasive Species Programme
Cape Town, South Africa