Transcript English

The Management of Invasive Species in
Marine & Coastal Environments
Module 2
Goals & Principles of Invasive Species
Management
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Module 2 Objectives
• Outline the goals and basic
principles of IAS management
and how they apply to marine
and coastal environments
• Describe the steps in IAS
management
• Indicate the points at which
management action can be
applied
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Management Goals
• Specific goals of management
actions
• Underlying goals, desired
outcomes
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Specific Goals of
Management Actions
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Prevent or minimise
introductions
• Prevent of minimise chances of
establishment and spread
• Eradicate or control existing
populations of invasives
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Specific Goals of
Management Actions
WHY?
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Underlying Goals
• Conserve/ protect marine &
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coastal resources & associated
industries
Conserve local biodiversity
The ultimate goal of IAS
management is to minimise
threats to biodiversity, human
health & welfare and economies.
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General Management Principles
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The Precautionary Approach
The Hierarchical Approach
The Ecosystem Approach
Sharing of Information
User Pays Principle
Cross-Sectoral Approach to Management
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The Precautionary Approach
“Where there are threats of serious
or irreversible damage, lack of full
scientific certainty shall not be
used as a reason for postponing
cost-effective measures to prevent
environmental degradation.”
(Rio Declaration on Environment and
Development, 1992)
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The Precautionary Approach
Given the difficulties in :
• Predicting invasiveness
• Regulating pathways
• Managing introduced species
When do you think the precautionary
principle should be applied?
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The Precautionary Approach
should be applied to:
• Decisions to intentionally introduce any
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species, but especially those known to be
invasive elsewhere
Decisions on which management measures to
impose on pathways of unintentional
introductions
Decisions on eradication, containment and
control measures being applied to alien species
that have already become established
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Steps in the Hierarchical Approach
• Prevention
• Early detection &
rapid response
• Eradication
• Containment
• Long term control
Zebra mussel
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The Hierarchical Approach
Prevention is better than the cure!
• Once a species has
established, it can
be near impossible
to remove, and very
expensive to control
Zebra mussel
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Obstacles to Prevention
Prevention is better than the cure!
• What do you think
might be some of the
obstacles to the
implementation of
prevention measures?
Zebra mussel
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Obstacles to Prevention
Prevention is better than the cure!
• Lack of awareness
• Lack of vision to take
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pre-emptive measures
Lack of capacity
Lack of funds
Zebra mussel
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The Ecosystem Approach
“Ecosystem” means a dynamic
complex of plant, animal and
micro-organism communities and
their non-living environment
interacting as a functional unit
The ecosystem approach calls for
integrated & equitable
management of resources
Examples?
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Sharing of Information
Types of information to be shared:
• Development of inventories and databases including species
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(native & introduced) distribution data
Incident lists and case studies
Potential threats to neighbouring countries
Information on taxonomy, ecology and genetics of IAS
Prevention and control methods where available
National and regional guidelines
National requirements/regulations regarding intentional
introductions, such as imported species
National requirements/regulations regarding unintentional
vectors, such as ballast water controls
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User Pays Principle
Shipping Industry
Mariculture operations
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Cross-Sectoral Approach to
Management
Examples of Stakeholders include:
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Environmental administrations
Quarantine, border and port authorities
Health & safety administrations
Transport administrations
Agriculture, forestry and fisheries managers
Trade administrations
Scientific institutions
Non-governmental organisations
Local communities
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Application of Management
Measures
Sites of application:
• Pre-border
– (before it leaves a country or en
route)
• Border
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– (before it enters a country)
Post-border
– (within a country)
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Pre-Border Management
• What do you think might be
examples of pre-border
management for:
• a) Intentional introductions?
• b) Unintentional introductions?
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Pre-Border Management
• Intentional introductions –
- Environmental Impact Assessment,
Risk Assessment
• Unintentional introductions
– E.g. Ballast water exchange,
treatment
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Border Management
Vector Type
Associated Border Activity
Intentional Introductions:
Mariculture
species
and
aquarium Assessing compliance with import permit
requirements, including quarantine and treatment
measures, verification of species identity etc.
Unintentional
Introductions:
Ballast water
Assessing compliance with ballast water
treatment/ management procedures, inspection of
treatment equipment, water sampling.
Hull fouling
Hull inspections, verification of records,
mitigation procedures.
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Post-Border Management
• Early detection, Rapid Response
• Eradication
• Control and mitigation
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Management Examples
Point of intervention
Intentional Introduction: Unintentional
Mariculture
Introduction:Ballast water
Pre-border
EIA, permit requirements, Management of uptake,
treatment prior to export treatment en route, openfrom country of origin. ocean exchange.
Border
Inspection of permits,
assess compliance with
permit conditions,
taxonomic identification,
quarantine procedures
Assessment of compliance,
open-ocean exchange
records, equipment
inspection, water sampling.
Post-border
Surveys and monitoring,
eradication, control and
mitigation.
Regular port surveys,
monitoring, eradication,
control and mitigation.
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Creating a Supporting Environment
Contingency Plans
• Legal & Institutional Issues
• Promoting best practice
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management
Awareness raising
Codes of Practice
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A coastal fishing company has applied for a permit to import species X for mariculture purposes.
The species is easy to breed; it grows quickly, can be fed cheaply and offers a high return on
investment. The importing of this species has been supported by a number of political, industrial
And community sectors as a solution to solving the problem of food shortage in the country and
as a means of developing coastal towns by offering employment to the local community. The
fishing company and the national department for trade & industry and the department of social
development wants to fast-track the importing of this species as they feel any delays will
cost both the company and the country. When answering the questions,forget your personal
opinions and your own position; in other words ROLE PLAY. How would you respond to the
permit application as a member of:
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The Ports Authority
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The Department of Environmental affairs
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The Local Community
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The Local Scientific community?
When answering the question, consider the following
A. The best recourse against invasion is prevention and precaution, therefore which
precautionary measures would you insist be implemented?
B. Should anyone be held liable if any escapes occur or if something else goes wrong? If so,
who would that be?
C. Should treatment measures be implemented? If so, which can you insist on?
D. Would you insist on any research or scientific information? If so, what information would you
need?
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• 2. The local community harvests intertidal algae for agar.
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They are concerned by the sudden appearance of
something different on the shore; they have reported
their concerns to you, as the local representative of the
national department of environmental affairs. Although
this species has a similar appearance to the species
harvested, it effectively yields no agar. The species has
been on the shore for a number of months but appears
to be out-competing the harvested species and is
becoming dense and spreading to neighbouring areas.
The local community has therefore seen less financial
gain from harvesting in the past few months.
A. What kind of response can you think of for eradicating
this algal species?
B. If you cannot respond, what other recourse do you
have?
C. How would you involve the local community in the
treatment and the management of this invasion?
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