Transcript The Great War - sheldonliberty

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Think about it!!!
Suppose you enter the school cafeteria and see two Juan
and Ayush fighting. Juan is recovering from a recent sports
injury. Ayush, a friend you no longer trust, is much bigger
and knows Karate. In fact, you think Ayush has become a
bully. How might you react in this situation?
 Option 1: Don’t get involved. Walk away.
 Option 2: Get a couple of friends to work with you to help the students resolve
their conflict.
 Option 3: Jump in and defend your classmate against your friend.
 Option 4: Attack your friend to show that you don’t tolerate that type of
behavior.
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 Officially condemn anti-Austrian publications and
propaganda
 Suppress anti-Austrian societies
 Bar anti-Austrian teachers and books from their
schools
 Dismiss any government officials that Austria might
name
 Accept help from Austria in checking obnoxious
propaganda
 Allow Austrian officials to assist in the investigation of
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
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imperialism
 England,
Germany and
France competed
for colonies in
Africa and Asia
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Nationalism
 Strong feeling of
pride in and
loyalty to a nation
or ethnic group
 Germany wanted
to be a world
power
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Militarism
 Glorifying
military power
 As Germany
increased its
military so did
England
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Alliances
Central Powers – Germany and
Austria-Hungary.
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Allied Powers – Britain, France,
Russia, Serbia
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Franz Ferdinand (Duke/Austria)
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The Spark
 Serbian Gavrilo
Princip kills
Austrian Arch
Duke Franz
Ferdiand in 1914
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 Austria presents Serbia with a list of demands
 Serbia refuses to agree to all the demands, and Austria
declares war
 Russia sides with Serbia
 Germany delcares war on Russia and moves troops to
Russian border
 France declares war on Germany
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Why did European power dislike and distrust each
other?
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What factors dragged the U.S into war?
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Why did Woodrow Wilson want to
remain neutral?
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Why did many Americans call
for war?
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Why did some Americans
support neutrality?
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Lusitania sunk
 Germany violates
international law by
sinking ships without
warning
 Wilson demands
Germans stop
 Many argue U.S must go
to war to protect right to
trade and travel
Torpedoing of the Lusitania
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Factors that led to U.S entry
into war
Sussex Pledge - 1916
 Germany promises not to attack passenger ships
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Stay neutral
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Theodore Roosevelt calls for
the preparedness movement in
1916. Military only has 80,000
men
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Sussex pledge
 Germany promises to
stop U-boat attacks
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British propaganda spreads false stories about
German soldiers
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What factors led to American
involvement in War
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Germany breaks the Sussex pledge
 Jan – 1917
 Continue U-Boat
attacks
 Wilson says the U.S
would wait for actual
overt acts before
declaring war.
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Zimmerman Note
 1917
 Germany sends note to
Mexico promising to
help them regain
Arizona, New Mexico
and Texas
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Congress Declares War
 April, 1917
 Wilson felt it was necessary to defend
our right to trade freely
 Protect Democracy in Europe
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War breaks out in 1914
Stay Neutral or Declare War?
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Lusitania Sunk
Fight war or stay neutral?
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Germany makes the Sussex
Pledge
Stay Neutral or Declare War?
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Germany reinstitutes U-Boat
attacks
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Zimmerman Note
Declare war or stay neutral?
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Jan, 1917
Germany breaks
the Sussex Pledge
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How was fighting World War I
different from other wars?
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War of Firsts
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First Pre-War Draft
 Selective Service Act
 Men 21-45
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First African American Officers
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First Americans to Reach
French soil
 “Dough Boys” or the
American Expeditionary
Force
 General John J. Pershing
 Boosted Allied Morale
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Russian Revolution
 Communists led by
Nikolai Lenin overthrow
the corrupt Tsar
Nicholas II
 1918, Lenin pulls Russia
troops out of the war
 U.S entry into war is even
more important for the
allies.
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Gas attacks
Artillery
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Flamethrower
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Machine Gun
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Tank
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submarine
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Battleship
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Trench War
Life in the Trenches
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Gas attacks
Airplanes
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The War Comes to a Close
 Spring of 1918,
Germany is 50
miles from Paris
 U.S soldiers arrive
at 300,000
soldiers a month
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 Second Battle of the
Marne (Aug, 1918) –
Germans pushed back
 Muese-Argonne
Offensive – 1 Million U.S
troops help take control
of the German rail and
communication lines
 November, 1918 Germans agree to an
Armistice (truce)
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Counting the Allied causalities
 Russia = 9.1 million
 France = 6.1 Million
 8 million soldiers killed
for all nations
 116,000 American
soldiers killed
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Economic and Emotional Cost
 Farms, towns, factories,
forests wiped out in
France
 Huge financial losses
and debt
 England = $35Million
 France = $24 Million
 Depression,
disillusionment, anger
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Before
After
“Besides burning houses the Germans frequently
smashed furniture and pictures; they also broke in
doors and windows. Frequently, too, they defiled
houses by relieving the wants of nature upon the
floor. They also appear to have perpetrated the
same vileness upon piled up heaps of provisions so
as to destroy what they could not themselves
consume. They also on numerous occasions threw
corpses into wells, or left in them the bodies of
persons murdered by drowning.”
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“One day when the Germans were not
actually bombarding the town I left my
house to go to my mother's house in High
Street. My husband was with me. I saw eight
German soldiers, and they were drunk. They
were singing and making a lot of noise and
dancing about. As the German soldiers
came along the street I saw a small child,
whether boy or girl I could not see, come out
of a house. The child was about two years of
age. “
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“The child came into the middle of the street so as
to be in the way of the soldiers. The soldiers were
walking in twos. The first line of two passed the
child; one of the second line, the man on the left,
stepped aside and drove his bayonet with both
hands into the child's stomach lifting the child into
the air on his bayonet and carrying it away on his
bayonet, he and his comrades still singing. The
child screamed when the soldier struck it with his
bayonet, but not afterwards."
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Impact of the war on the
Central Powers
 Germany = $37
Million
 Germany = 7
Million casualties
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To ensure that war does not break out again,
which of the following should be a priority
now that the war has ended. Explain your
reasoning..
 Punish the Central Powers
 Address the issues that caused the war
Prompt:
To make sure war does not break out again the Allies
should……..
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What did the gov’t do to win
the war?
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Food Administration
 Gov’t agency that
oversaw the production
and distribution of food
and fuel.
 Encouraged
conservation
 Meatless Mondays
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National War Labor Board
 Worked with business
owners to improve pay
and create better
working conditions
 Prevent labor strikes
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War Industries Board
 Government agency that
told factories what goods
to produce and how
much to make
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Pre- War Draft
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 Selective Service
Act
 Men 21-45
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War Revenue Act of 1917
 Gov’t taxes income
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Liberty Bonds
 Loans from
Americans to help
the gov’t raise
money for the war
effort.
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Propaganda
 Information or rumors
spread by a group or
government to promote
its cause or ideas or to
damage an opposing
cause or idea
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Objectives
 To recruit soldiers, either through a draft or voluntary
enlistment
 To finance the war effort through the sale of war
bonds—loans from citizens to the government—or
new taxes
 To eliminate dissent and unifying the country behind
the war effort
 To conserve resources—such as food, oil, and steel—
necessary to wage war
 To increase participation in organizations to support
the war effort
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Tools
 Demonization
 Name Calling
 Appealing to one’s
emotions
 Half-truths or lies
 Catchy Slogans
 humor
 Evocative Visual
Symbols
 Appealing to one’s
national pride
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Go after Spies and terrorists
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Black Tom Incident
 Ammunition warehouse
in Jersey City, NJ that
was set on fire by
German spies in 1916.
 This event led to
increasing fear and
suspicion of German
Americans.
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Espionage Act
 Illegal to interfere with
the draft, spy, and
sabotage the war effort.
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How do Americans today
support war?
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How do Americans today
oppose war?
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Pacifists
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How did business leaders feel
about war?
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How did African Americans feel
about war?
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Silent March up
(1917_
th
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Avenue
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How did religious leaders feel
about war?
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How did women feel about the
war?
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Pacifists
 Protested the war
 Conscientious Objectors
 Jane Addams, Henry
Ford
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How did labor union leaders and
workers feel about war?
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Wobblies
 International Workers of
the World
 Eugene Debs
 War is a fight among
capitalists for wealth
power
 Workers and fighting
and dying
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Sedition Act
 Law that made it a crime
to criticize or say
anything abusive about
the government.
 Hundreds of Wobblies
arrested for criticizing
the draft or wartime
taxes.
 Debs sentenced to 10
years in prison for
speaking out
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Schenk vs United States
 Charles Schenk (socialist)
urges draftees to resist
 Convicted
 Charles Schenk’s conviction of
violating the Espionage Act is
upheld by Supreme Court
 Free Speech can be denied by
the government when a clear
and present danger exists that
threatens the nation’s security
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How were German Immigrants
Impacted by the war?
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Robert Prager
 German American
who was lynched in
1918.
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How did the war impact
families?
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How did the war impact
women?
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How did the war impact African
Americans?
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The Great Migration
 African Americans
leave the south for the
north in search of ,
freedom, opportunity
and equality
 Ford Motor Company
 Jobs in the north paid
$4.25 vs $2.50 in the
south
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Red Summer (1919)
 Race riots in the north
claimed hundreds of
lives
 Whites resented blacks
taking jobs away
 Blacks frustrated with
discrimination and
racism
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•Reduce the armaments in all nations
•Put German troops under control of the Allied Powers
•Open the treaty-making process to all nations
•Establish a League of Nations
•Force Germany to admit blame for the war
•Enforce absolute Freedom of the seas
•Force Germany to pay reparation
•Allow free trade among all nations
•Give Germany’s colonies independence
•Grant Independence to Polish people in E. Germany
•Redistribute land from the losing countries to the winners
•Grant independence to all nationalistic movements in Austria
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Palace at Versailles, France
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Big Four
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What made negotiating the
treaty difficult?
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How did Wilson’s objectives
differ from those of the
European powers?
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Wilson’s 14 Points
End Secret Alliances
Encourage nations to reduce
their Militaries
All nations should have the
right to choose their own
gov’t (self-determination)
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Which side’s goals have a better
chance of achieving world
peace?
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League of Nations
 Collective security –
commitment by
many nations to
join together to deal
with a nation that
threatens peace
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Treaty of Versailles, 1919
 Germany blamed for war
 forced to pay $33 billion in reparations
 Created a league of nations
 German colonies broken into independent
nations
 Germany not allowed to militarize
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Debate in Congress over Treaty
 League could draw U.S
into another war
 Internationalists –
League was necessary
 Reservationists – limited
role in League
 Irreconcilables completely against
League of Nations
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Prompt 5: Irreconcilable
Why can’t you internationalists
understand that our national
sovereignty (independence) is more
important than foolish dreams of
collective security?
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Prompt 1: Irreconcilable:
Honorable Senator, the Treaty of
Versailles is clearly full of flaws. How
can you support it?
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Prompt 2: Internationalist
My esteemed colleague, you say the
treaty is “full of flaws,” but I
wonder, can you even describe two
of them?
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Prompt 3: Irreconcilable
Senator, it looks to me like that League
of Nations could drag the United States
into a lot of trouble. Why do you
admire it so much?
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Prompt 4: Internationalist
My fellow Senator, you talk about the
League causing trouble. Just what kind
of trouble are you talking about?
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Prompt 6: Internationalists
Are you kidding? Do you
irreconcilables ever consider that
collective security might have
prevented this tragic war from ever
occurring in the first place?
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Congress rejects treaty
 Many were concerned
that A League of Nations
would draw the U.S into
another war
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Impact of Treaty
 League of Nations created
without the U.S
 League will be ineffective
and weak going forward
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 Led to economic
depression, resentment
and anger in Germany
 Paved the way for the
emergence of Adolph
Hitler
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