Transcript Chapter 16

Conscription
Czar Nicholas II
Total war
Soviets
Trotsky
William II
War of attrition
Woodrow Wilson
Armistice
Schlieffen Plan
Archduke Ferdinand
Trench warfare
Holtzendorff
Rasputin
Mobilization
Propaganda
Reparations
Lenin
Militarism
Chapter 16
War and Revolution
The Road to World War I
European nations are
competing over colonies and
trade
Triple Alliance: Germany,
Austria-Hungary, Italy (1882);
Triple Entente: France, Great
Britain, and Russia (1907)
Austria-Hungary and Russia
are rivals over Balkans
1914 European states angry
with each other
Nationalism-other groups want
their independence
Slavic groups in Balkans and
Poles under Russian rule want
their own nations
Irish (under British rule) want
independence-rebellion in
Dublin, lose, but eventually get
independence in 1921
Militarism
Big armies create tension
in Europe
Russian army 1.3 million
men; French and German
900k each; British, Italian,
and Austro-Hungarian
armies 250k to 400k each
Militarism, alliance
systems, and nationalism
are long-term causes of
WWI
(right turmoil of WWI
alliances)
1914 Serbia (supported by Russia)
wants to become independent;
Austria-Hungary doesn’t want this
June 28, 1914 Archduke Francis
Ferdinand (heir to AustriaHungarian throne) visits Bosnia
with wife Sophia
Terrorist organization called Black
Hand, a Serbian terrorist group
wanted Bosnia to be free from
Austria-Hungary and to be part of
Serbian Kingdom
Gavrilo Princip shot Francis and
Sophia
Austria-Hungary gets support from
Germany (called a “blank check”)
from Emperor William II saying
Austria-Hungary has Germany’s
support even if Russia gets
involved
Ridiculous ultimatum goes to
Serbia; Serbia must reject it
July 28, 1914 Austria-Hungary
declares war on Serbia
Direct Causes
Ferdinand and Sophia
Russia gets involved
Russia helps Serbia
Czar Nicholas II orders
mobilization of Russian
army (getting ready for
war)
Germany reacts and
warns Russia to stop;
Russia ignores this
warning
Germany declared war on
Russia on August 1, 1914
Schlieffen Plan
German military plan drawn
up by General Alfred von
Schlieffen
Send some troops to Russia
but most to France
After defeating France,
concentrate on Russia
3 August Germany declares
war on France
Germany orders Belgium to
let troops pass through their
territory
4 August Great Britain
declares war on Germany for
violating Belgian neutrality
By 4 August, all of the great
European powers were at
war!
Western Front
Schlieffen Plan called for
Germans to surround French
army
First Battle of the Marne (Sept.
6-10); Germans close to Paris;
2,000 Paris taxicabs with
troops sent to front line
Stalemate-- due to trench
warfare
Trenches stretched from the
English Channel to
Switzerland
Both sides basically did not
move for 4 years
(Right Battle of Marne picture,
bottom Parisian taxicabs to
Battle of Marne)
Eastern Front
Russian army moves into Germany
but was defeated at the Battle of
Tannenberg (Aug. 30) and Battle
of Masurian Lakes (Sept. 15)
Russians no longer a major threat
to Germany
Austria-Hungary forced out of
Serbia by Russians
Italians betray Triple Alliance,
attack Austria and join Triple
Entente; they are now called the
Allied Powers
(right Battle of Tannenberg;
Eastern Front
Germany helps AustriaHungary defeat Russia
and push them back to
their own territory
2.5 million Russians
killed, captured,
wounded
Bulgaria joins Germany
and Austria-Hungary
Sept 1915 and defeat
Serbians
Germans able to focus
on west.
Retreat of Russians from Tannenberg
1916-1917 Western Front
Trenches protected by barbed
wire (5 ft), troops lived in holes
in the ground, the area
between trenches known as
“No Man’s Land”
Sometimes artillery would tear
down barbed wire and have
soldier charges but few worked
In 10 months at Verdun,
France 700k men died over a
few miles of land
WWI was a war of attrition--a
war of wearing the other side
down by constant attacks
and heavy losses
(right trench WWI)
Widening of the War
Ottomans join Germany; Allies
declare war on Ottomans
Allies land at Balkan front of
Gallipoli; Allies lose
Britain promises to give Italy some
of Austrian territory
1917-a world conflict
British officer Lawrence of Arabia
urged Arab princes to revolt against
Ottomans
British forces from Egypt destroy
Ottoman Empire in Middle East
Allies seize German’s colonies
(weak navy, strong army)
Japan (British ally) seize German
islands in the Pacific
Australia seized German New
Guinea
(top Gallipoli, bottom Lawrence of
Arabia)
War in the Air
1915 airplanes on battlefront
for the first time
At first, they are used to find
enemies, then used to attack
Pilots first fired at each other
with pistols, later machine
guns mounted on planes
Germans also used zeppelinsgiant airships to bomb London,
but they were full of hydrogen,
which made them burn easily
when hit
(top WWI airplane; bottom
burning zeppelin)
German Navy
U.S. tries to stay neutral
Britain and Germany try to
blockade each other; Britain has
naval power; Germany has
submarines (u-boats)
May 7, 1915 British ship
Lusitania was sunk by Germans
1,100 civilians died, including
over 100 Americans
German government agreed to
avoid antagonizing U.S.
(Last survivor of the ship died
last week)
US Enters War
January 1917 German officers
convinced Emperor William II to
resume unrestricted submarine
warfare
Emperor said he was concerned
about the U.S., Naval officers
tell him not to worry
German Admiral Holtzendorff
(leader of the German Navy)
said, “I give your Majesty my
word as an officer that not one
American will land on the
continent.”
Said British would surrender
before U.S. could get involved
Germans Were Wrong
British DID NOT
surrender
U.S. got involved in
war in April 1917;
psychological boost,
money, war goods
Many soldiers arrive
in 1918
Lusitania
Trench WWI
Trenches
The allies thought it was
unthinkable that the
opposition would use
poisonous gas as a form
of warfare.
French soldier with
gas mask in WWI
Poison Gas Attack WWI
John Singer Sergeant’s painting
Gassed
Various WWI gas masks
Persian Gulf War 1991
Trench Foot from a soldier of WWI
British soldier trench foot WWI
Total War and
Propaganda
Chapter 16 Section 2
(continued)
World War I – Total War
Became total war-involved complete
mobilization of resources
and people
Affected lives of all
citizens
People had to be
organized to support war
effort
German U-boat
Government Power
Government expands power
Countries draft tens of millions
of men
Also expand power over
economies
Government made price, wage
and rent controls; rationed food
and materials; regulated
imports and exports
Economies in Europe were –
planned economies
All citizens were considered to
be part of the country’s
dedication to victory
(right Serbian soldier)
Woodrow Wilson Quote
The men and women
“who remain to the
soil and man the
factories are no less
part of the army than
the men beneath the
battle flags.”
President Wilson
World War I
Before 1914 leaders thought
war would not be worth fighting
and diplomats could prevent
war
Government propaganda-ideas to spread influence
public opinion for or against
a cause; stirred up national
hatreds before war
Most people thought their
nation’s cause was just
People thought war would be
over in a few weeks; soldiers
thought they would be home
by Christmas
Manipulation of Public Opinion
As casualties got worse, less
support for war
Authoritarian regimes like in
Germany, Russia, and AustriaHungary use force to control
population
Democracies even expand
police powers to stop internal
dissent
British government under the
Defence of the Realm Act
(DORA) allow the government
to arrest protestors as traitors
Newspapers were censored
and suspended
Propaganda
Governments use
propaganda to arouse
enthusiasm for war
They exaggerate the
atrocities of opposing
forces
Use propaganda to
encourage participation in
military and support of
war
Women
New roles for women
Became chimney sweeps, truck drivers,
farm laborers, factory workers in heavy
industry
At the end of the war, these jobs would be
quickly taken from women
By 1919 650,000 unemployed women in
Britain
Wages for women still employed would be
lower
Women’s participation did have a positive
impact on the women’s movement
In Germany, Austria, U.S., and Britain,
women given the right to vote
More upper and middle class women
begin to have jobs and get their own
apartments
Pictures from WWI
Ottoman Empire Soldiers
The Camel Corps who fought in
Egypt
Citizens evacuating Constantinople
German trenches in France
German soldiers and their dogs
with gas masks
Trench Warfare
WWI Tank
Destroyed French Town of Arras
Wounded soldiers being treated at
a bombed church in France
Propaganda (Australia)
Propaganda (Australia)
Propaganda (Australia)
Propaganda (Britain)
Propaganda (Britain)
Propaganda (Britain)
Propaganda (Britain)
Propaganda (Britain)
Propaganda (British)
Propaganda (Britain)
Propaganda (U.S.)
Propaganda (U.S.)
Propaganda (U.S.)
Propaganda (U.S.)
Propaganda (U.S.)
Propaganda (U.S.)
Propaganda (U.S.)
Propaganda (U.S.)
Propaganda WW I (U.S.)
Current Iraq War
Russian Revolution
Chapter 16 Section 3
The Road to Revolution
After losing to Japan in 1905,
Russia is not prepared for
WWI
No good military leaders
Czar Nicholas II insists on
controlling army even though
he doesn’t have good training
Not enough military equipment
(soldiers trained with brooms)
Soldiers without guns told to
get one from dead comrade
2 million killed: 4-6 million
wounded or captured
(last known picture of Czar
Nicholas 1917 right)
Road to Revolution
Czar Nicholas II wife--German born
Alexandria fell under influence of
Grigori Rasputin
Rasputin--uneducated Siberian peasant
She believed Rasputin was holy and
could stop her son from bleeding (son
Alexis was a hemophiliac)
Czar at war; Alexandria made
decisions; she consults Rasputin
He interferes with government affairs
Military and economic disasters
People upset with czar
Conservative aristocrats assassinate
Rasputin (had to be shot three times,
tied up, and thrown into a river; he
drowned but had managed to untie the
knots)
(right Rasputin)
March Revolution
Strikes led by working class
women at Petrograd (St.
Petersburg) 1917
Women had to wait in line for
bread for 12 hours and work 12
hour days
Women demand “peace and
bread”
Women joined by other workers
Started a strike all factories in
Petrograd shut down
Nicholas orders his troops to break
up the crowd
Soldiers join the movement and
refuse to fire on crowds
(right Bread Line)
Fall of Czar Nicholas II
Duma (legislature) meets (Nicholas
tried to ban it) urges czar to step down
Czar Nicholas II steps down on March
15, 1917 because he has no support
from aristocrats or army
Government headed by Alexander
Kerensky--he wanted to finish WWI
Soviets oppose government – they
were councils made up of workers and
soldiers
Soviets represent interests of lower
class
(right Kerensky)
The Rise of Lenin
Bolsheviks came under leadership of V.I. Lenin –they are dedicated to violent revolution
Hated capitalism and thought only violent
revolution could stop it
April 1917 Germans, hoping to create disorder in
Russia, send Lenin back to Russia (after spending
many years away)
Lenin wanted support from soldiers, workers and
peasants and to get them to help him overthrow
the government
Bolsheviks promised to get out of WWI, redistribute
land, and transfer factories from capitalists to
committees of workers, and transfer government
power from the provisional government to soviets
Bolshevik slogan was: “Peace, Land,
Bread”…”Worker Control of Production”…”All
Power to the Soviets”
(right Lenin and poster “Lenin cleanses the world
of filth” translation
Bolsheviks Seize Power
Leon Trotsky: head of Petrograd
soviet
Nov. 6, 1917 Bolsheviks seize
Winter Palace, the seat of the
provisional government with little
bloodshed
Only Soviets in Russian
government
Lenin turns over power to the
Congress of Soviets (really the
government was controlled by
Lenin)
March 3, 1918 Lenin signed
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with
Germany and gave up east
Poland, Ukraine, Finland, and
Baltic provinces because he had
promised peace to the people
(right Leon Trotsky)
Civil War in Russia
Many opposed Bolshevik (Communist)
regime
Allies sent thousands of troops to Russia
hoping to bring Russia back into the war;
gave material aid to anti-Communist
forces
Between 1918-1921, the Communist
(Red) Army fought A LOT; from Siberia
the anti-communist (White) army attacked
from the east
Ukrainians also attack but are retaken by
Russia by 1920
Communists also regain control over
independent nationalist governments of
Georgia, Russian Armenia, and
Azerbaijan
Czar and family were taken into captivity
and were murdered by the Soviets:
bodies were recently discovered
(right the czar and family and Alexandria
with Anastasia)
Czar Nicholas II and family
Second from right
Anastasia
Communists Win
Trotsky organized Red Army well
Anti-communist units distrusted each
other
Some Whites even wanted to restore
czar: Whites had no common goal
Reds (communists) had secret police
now called Cheka--aimed to destroy all
those who opposed the new regime
Japanese, British, American, and French
were helping the anti-communists (which
made the Reds seem more patriotic)
1921 Communists completely command
Russia
Russia becomes a centralized state
dominated by one party, the communists
Communists hostile toward allies for
helping anti-communists during Civil War
(right Red army recruitment poster: “have
you signed up as a volunteer” translation)
The End of World War I
Chapter 16 Section 4
American victims of Gas
The Last Year of World War I
1917 was bad for the Allies
(former Triple Entente)
-Russia withdrew
Good stuff for Allies – the U.S.
enters the war in 1917
Erich von Ludendorff led
Germans and they could focus
on the western front; he decides
on larger German offensive to
break stalemate
Attack launched March 1918
By April, Germans are within 50
miles of Paris
Erich von Ludendorff
Second Battle of Marne
French, Moroccan, and U.S.
troops fought Germans at
the Second Battle of Marne
in July 1918: Allies win
Over 1 million U.S. troops
were on their way to
France so Allied forces
move toward Germany
Ludendorff knows the war
was lost and demands the
government ask for peace
(soldiers at Marne, most of these men
died 5 minutes after this pictures was
taken)
Theodore Roosevelt’s son, Quentin ( left)
Quentin in his plane in WWI
Memorial to Theodore Roosevelt’s son Quentin (died at age
20), and people visiting his grave in France
Armistice – End of the “Great War”
Allies unwilling to make peace with an
autocratic imperial Germany
Councils of workers in Germany were
forming and take over civilian and
military offices
William II has lost control and flees to
the Netherlands
Social Democrats under Friedrich
Ebert announce creation of a
democratic republic
Nov. 11, 1918 Germans sign an
armistice – a truce
German communist party forms and try
to seize power in Berlin but lose
German middle class fear communism
Austria-Hunary-different ethnic groups
want independence
-no more Austro-Hungarian Empire
-independent republics of Austria,
Hungary, Czechoslovakia and
monarchy state of Yugoslavia
(right: Armistace at Paris railroad car)
Peace Settlements – Wilson’s
Fourteen Points
U.S. president Woodrow Wilson
proposes “Fourteen Points”
-peace agreements openly
reduce militaries; right of people
to have own nation; create
democratic governments; should
create an association of nations
to guarantee political
independence
Paris Peace Conference 1919
British Prime Minister David Lloyd
George said make Germans pay for
the war
French Prime Minister Georges
Clemenceau wanted security from
Germans in the future and revenge
– wanted reparations and a
separate Rhineland as a buffer
state between France and Germany
Italy is also at the conference but
plays smaller role
British, French, U.S. – Big Three
argue over what to do
U.S. wants League of Nations to
prevent future wars
Britain and France want Germany
to pay!
No separate Rhineland, but a
defense alliance between U.S.,
Britain and France (U.S. Senate
refuses to ratify this agreement)
Left to right: George, Orlando of Italy,
Clemenceau, and Wilson
Treaty of Versailles
5 separate treaties with defeated
nations –- Germany, Austria,
Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey
Treaty of Versailles was with
Germany signed on June 28, 1919
Germans unhappy with the War
Guilt Clause saying that Germany
and Austria were responsible for
the war and they had to pay
damages to the Allies
Germans had to reduce army, navy,
and eliminate air force
Alsace and Lorraine were taken from
Germany and given back to France
Part of Eastern Germany was given
to a new Polish state
German land on both sides of the
Rhine River was made a DMZ
Germans angry but must accept the
treaty
Before 1914
After 1918
New Map of Europe
Germany lost territory
Russia lost territory
Austro-Hungarian Empire
disappears
Finland, Latvia, Estonia,
Lithuania, Poland,
Czechoslovakia, Austria, and
Hungary emerge as new
nation-states
New territorial arrangements
in Balkans: Romania acquired
more land
Serbia formed the center of a
new state called Yugoslavia
France will lose its alliance
with Russia as a result of the
Paris Peace Conference
There are still conflicts with
ethnic minorities in these
Eastern European states
Ottoman Empire Falls
Ottoman Empire is broken up by
the peace settlement
Allies promised to recognize the
independence of Arab states in
the Ottoman Empire for their
support during the war
When the war is over they
changed their minds!
France took control of Lebanon
and Syria
Britain takes Iraq and Palestine
These acquisitions were called
mandates; Wilson opposes this;
Britain and France would officially
govern these nations as a
mandate on behalf of the League
of Nations but they did not own
this territory
The War’s Legacy
Destroyed progress
Government power over
people had increased
Strong central
government
Freedom of press and
speech were limited
(French soldiers’ graves
after WWI)
Casualties of WWI
Almost 10 million die in World War I
(military)
Almost 10 million civilians die
21 million wounded