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GLOBAL WAR “The Guns of August” People [W.W.1] • Kaiser Wilhelm II • Emperor Franz Josef • Czar Nicholas II • Woodrow Wilson • Georges Clemenceau • David Lloyd George • Ho Chi Minh • Hussein • Adolph Hitler • Gavriel Princip World War One • • • • • • • • The Great War The Great Powers Armistice Allied Forces Jingoism Dreadnought White Dominions German East Africa • Stab in the Back • Propaganda • Jutland • Gallipoli • Blank Check • League of Nations Post-War Movements • • • • • • • • • ARABS Gamel Abdel Nasser Sa’d Zaghlul Lord Cromer Mandates Effendi Dinshawal Liberal Constitutional Party Wafd Party Zionist Movement • Lord Balfour – Balfour Declaration • Theodor Herzl • Alfred Dreyfus • Leon Pinsker • World Zionist Movements • Zionists • Pogroms Regional Movements INDIA • Self-determination • India Congress Party • B.G. Tilak • Mohondas Gandhi – Satyagraha • Morely-Minto Reforms • Rowlatt Act • Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms TURKS • Ataturk – [Mustafa Kemal] • Armenian Genocide Post-War Movements AFRICA • Pan-African Movement • Lord Lugard • Negritude • Nat. Congress British West Africa • Marcus Garvey • W.E.B. DuBois • Leopold Sedar Senghor Essential Questions • Identify the causes of W.W.1. • How is E. Asia & the Pacific drawn into the conflict? • What role do the Ottomans play? • How do Japan’s 21 Demands expose their future plans in the Pacific? – http://www.firstworldwar.com Essential Questions • Analyze crucial diplomatic mistakes: – “The Guns of August” • What was the impact of casualty rate on the future of belligerent nations? • What was the impact of the juggernaut of war on the world economy? • What was the impact on Russia? Conflicting COLONIES Goals • Self-determination EUROPEAN • Nationalism –national rivalries –colonial disputes – ethnic groups sought self-rule through sovereign states – opposed by empires and dynasties Immediate Causes The Spark> Archduke Ferdinand assassination Triggers Alliances> – Russians /Serbs – Germany vs. Russia & France – Britain vs. Germany – protect neutral Belgium Gavriel Princip REAL CAUSES • NATIONALISM – Extreme Patriotism • IMPERIALISM – Colonial Rivalries • ALLIANCES – Balance of Power • ARMS RACE – Naval arms race Alliances CENTRAL POWERS: AKA Triple Alliance Germany Austria-Hungary Italy/will change sides Ottoman Empire ALLIES: AKA Triple Entente` Britain France Russia [later] United States Entangled Alliances CENTRAL POWERS: [AKA] Triple Alliance – Germany – Austria-Hungary – Italy/will change sides – Ottoman Empire ALLIES: [AKA] Triple Entente` – Britain – France – Russia – [later] United States The Guns of August Western Front: Eastern Front: –French / German stalemate –trenches from Switzerland to E. Channel –Austrian /Germans vs. Russia, Serbia, etc. –less intensively brutal Weapons & Their Effects Effects: New Weapons: – defensive posture – machine guns – high casualties – mustard & – Verdun: chlorine gas – barbed wire – tanks – flame throwers – planes • French > 315,000 • German > 280,000 – Marne: • Britain & Germany > – 420,000 New Rules of Engagement Civilians Targeted • [Collateral Damage?] – AIR WARS > bombing civilians – NAVAL BLOCKADES –Britain against Germany > caused German unrestricted submarine warfare • starved civilian populations • [750 K starve in Germany] G.B. Naval Blockade: • • • • – North Sea • Scotland to Norway English Channel Coast of Africa – German colonies Euphrates River – Supplies from Persian Gulf Mediterranean – Gibraltar Central Powers’ Colonies BLOCKADE Battle of Jutland Dreadnought Armenian Genocide Each symbol indicates 100,000 dead U.S. Intervention U.S. public opposed to war U.S. supplied Allies U.S. traded with both sides Germans respond U.S. bankrolled Allies Zimmerman Note Lusitania sunk Killed Americans U.S. declared war on Germany 4/6/1917 Unrestricted Submarine warfare The Home Front What happens at home? – nationalized industry – wage and price controls – women in the workforce – propaganda • restricted civil liberties • censorship • propaganda > dehumanize the enemy • dissidents targeted as “traitors” Propaganda PROPAGANDA German Propaganda Conflict in East Asia & Pacific • European Colonial involvement > colonies = supplies & soldiers • Japanese Opportunism > seized German territory in China > foundation for future expansion • 21 Demands > Allies support Japanese expansion but not total domination •http://www.firstworldwar.com Colonial Targets • Allies target German colonies in Africa • Allies target Ottomans at Gallipoli • 250,000 casualties each side w/o gain • Sacrificed An-Zac and Indian troops Gallipoli ANZAC Australian & New Zealand & Indian Troops Strategic Location of Gallipoli Ottoman Troubles • British armed an Arab revolt against Turks • Lawrence of Arabia illustrates this Eastern Front End of War: Russia • Csar Nicholas II abdicated 1917 • Vladimir I. Lenin > smuggled into Russia by Germans > leads Bolsheviks • Bolshevik slogan “Peace, Land, Bread” appealed to the people who rose in armed insurrection Russian Withdrawal • Russia’s withdrawal upset the balance of power> collapse of eastern front • Freed Germans to transfer army to western front – upset balance of power • Set stage for U.S. intervention Treaty of Brest-Litovsk British Blockade Enduring Questions • What was the ‘real cost’ of W.W. 1? • How has Marxism influenced international relations throughout the 20th Century? • How has British / Arab relations in W.W. 1 impacted today’s world?