Transcript Chap 7 WWI Powerpoint

The Emergence
of the United
States as a
World Power
1898-1920
Chapter 7
World War I and Its
Aftermath
WWI
An Overview
•1914-1918
•30+ Nations
•New deadly technology
•30 Million Dead
•Cost $350 Billion
•Ended 4 Empires &
redrew the map of Europe
•First “Total War”
•Set stage for WWII 20 yrs later
I. Outbreak of WWI – Europe
A. Causes of WWI (MAIN)
1. Militarism:
Militarism = a policy of aggressively building up a
nation’s armed forces and the willingness to use
force to settle international problems
a. each European nation wanted stronger
armed forces than those of any
potential enemy
b. Many European nations had large
armies b/c of conscription
conscription: requiring people to enter military
service
1) Germany’s army was the largest and
best equipped
2) To keep up, other nations increased
conscription to strengthen their forces
c. Naval Race
1) British Navy was the strongest in
the world.
2) Germany hoped to become a major
naval power to compete with Britain
3) Naval Race is on - eventually France,
Italy, Japan and US join this naval race
d. Arms Race: stockpiling of new weapons
and ammunition
mustard gas
U Boats
Flame Throwers
tanks
machine guns
airplanes
Zeppelins
new hand grenades
and more!
2. entangling Alliances:
Mutual Defense Alliance = agreement where
member nations are bound to come to each other’s
aid in the event of attack or threat
a. European leaders believed that
alliances provided nat’l security by
creating a balance of power in Europe.
* opposing alliances of relatively equal
strength = peace
b. The Main Alliances in Europe
1) Triple Alliance =
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Italy
2) Triple Entente =
France
Britain
Russia
Entangling Alliances
c. The danger of alliances: When a member of
an alliance was threatened, other members
are pledged to support it. So…. Localized
skirmishes could easily grow into full scale
war.
3. Imperialism: competition to develop vast
empires caused tension and conflict
imperialism: the actions used by one nation to exercise
political or economic control over a smaller or weaker
nation
a. Europeans competed for new colonies in the
quest for territory, raw materials, and markets
for manufactured goods
b. As Germany industrialized, it competed
with France and Britain in the contest for
colonies
Competition for
Samoan islands
4. Nationalism:
(2 definitions – both in play in Europe)
a. nationalism 1: a feeling that people have of
being loyal to and proud of their country often
with the belief that it is better and more
important than other countries
- nations behaving in their own selfinterest led to conflict when such
actions went against the nat’l
interest of an opposing nation
b. nationalism 2: a desire by a large group of
people (such as people who share the
same culture, history, language, etc) to
form a separate and independent country
of their own.
1) the quest for self-determination
among these ethnic groups led to
conflict
self-determination: the belief that
nations should have their own country
and gov’t
2) Slavic groups in Austria-Hungary
wanted independence
3) movement to unite Germanspeaking people of the region
B. The Spark that ignites WWI June 14, 1914
1. The assassination of Archduke Franz
Ferdinand
a. heir to? Austria-Hungary throne
b. by whom? Gabriel Principe
(Bosnian Serb, a member of Black Hand
– a group of Bosnians who wanted
freedom from Serbia)
Gavrilo Princip
– the assassin
The Archduke Franz
Ferdinand and his
family
2. The Guns of August- Who’s shootin’ who?
July 28,1914: Austria-H declares war on
Serbia - Russia begins mobilizing
Aug. 1,1914 – Germany declares war on
Russia - France begins mobilizing
Aug. 3,1914 – Germany declares war on
France
Aug 4,1914 – Germany invades Belgium
(rape of Belgium) - Britain declares war on
Germany
Aug 6, 1914 – Austria-H declares war on
Russia
Aug 12, 1914 – France and Britain declare
war on Austria-H Whew!...
Entangling Alliances in Action
This cartoon - 'A Chain of Friendship' - appeared in the American newspaper the Brooklyn
Eagle in July 1914. The caption read: “If Austria attacks Serbia, Russia will fall upon
Austria, Germany upon Russia, and France and England upon Germany.”
C. The War
1. Who’s fightin’ who?
a. Central Powers = Austria-Hungary +
Germany + Ottoman Empire + Bulgaria
b. Allies = France + Russia + Britain +
Italy + others
WWI
• Allies
• Central
Powers
• Neutral
(remember,
Belgium started
out neutral.
Why’d they
switch?)
2. Germany’s strategy? The Schlieffen Plan
a. plan: to defeat France in the west 1st
then take on the Russians in the east.
b. problem: to get to France, must go through
neutral Belgium - international outrage!
The Schlieffen Plan
The Rape of
Belgium
Aug 4, 1914
3. Battle of Stalluponen Aug 17, 1914: Russian
Army enters East Prussia (Germany)
a. forces Germany into 2 front war
b. Germany successful on eastern front –
Russia suffers
4. First Battle of the Marne Sept 6-12,1914
a. western front battle
b. German forces are just 30 miles from
Paris
c. French and British forces stop the
German advance
d. stalemate and trench warfare ensue
The dotted line on the map
shows how far the
Germans had advanced
into France before the
First Battle of the Marne.
As a result of the battle
the Germans were pushed
back to the solid line
marked in red.
5. WWI at sea
a. British Strategy? Naval Blockade of Germany
+ mine the North Sea
1) To keep Germany from obtaining supplies
2) Expanded definition of contraband
contraband: goods whose importation,
exportation, or possession is illegal
b. German Strategy? Get around blockade with
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
1) U-boats plan to sink without warning any ship
in water around Britain
2) violation of int’l treaty requiring military vessels
to reveal their intentions to merchant ships and
make provisions for safety of the targeted
ship’s crew and passengers before sinking it
- Germans claim that many merchant
ships were actually warships in disguise.
The German U-Boat
II. The American view of WWI in Europe
A. The US declares official neutrality Aug 4,
1914 but…
neutrality: the state of not supporting or helping either
side in a conflict
1. The American population picks sides
a. German immigrants support Central Powers
b. Irish immigrants also supported Central
Powers. Why? Irish resented centuries of
British Rule
c. most Americans, however, support Allies. Why?
1) British heritage
2) English language
3) British political ideals
4) historic links w/ France (Am.
Revolution)
The Public Opinion Factor
2. Govt, Military very Pro-British
3. US business and banks favored Allies
a. already strong trade ties with Allied countries
b. banks invest in Allied victory – made loans to
Allies (up to $2B in 1917).
- so…if Allies won, $ would be paid back)
The Economic Factor
4. Role of Propaganda
propaganda: information designed to influence
opinion
a. used by both Allies & Central Powers
b. Brits = most skilled propaganda
1) painted Germans as aggressors in war,
as vicious and bloodthirsty
2) cut transatlantic telegraph cable from
Europe to US
- limited news to mainly British
reports
British Propaganda
5. The Lusitania, a British passenger liner was
sunk by Germany May 7, 1915
a. Germany had declared the seas around
Britain to be a war-zone. The German
embassy in the US
published a newspaper ad
warning people not to sail
on ships traveling in the
war zone
b. Germany torpedoed the
Lusitania off the SE coast
of Ireland
c. 1200 passengers killed,
including 128 Americans
d. a wave of protests and complaints
against Germany erupts
e. US insists that German gov’t
safeguard the lives of noncombatants
f. The US does not declare war on
Germany until 1917, but this event
turned public opinion solidly against
Germany
c. Sussex Pledge – Germans promise to sink no
more merchant ships w/o warning
- scenario behind the pledge: U-boat sinks
French passenger ship Sussex, injuring
several Americans. Wilson threatens war if
Germany does not abandon its policy
of unrestricted submarine warfare!
•1916 – Wilson reelected as “peace”
candidate.
US declares War – why? (2 major causes of US
entry into WWI)
1. Zimmermann Telegram Jan. 1917
a. Brit gov’t intercepts message from German
ambassador Zimmermann to the Mexican gov’t
b. Telegram asks Mexico to attack the US if war
broke out between the US and Germany
c. in exchange, Mexico would regain its “lost
territory” in TX, AZ, NM after the war.
d. Americans outraged!
I.
2. Unrestricted Submarine Warfare Feb
1917
a. Feb-March 1917 – Germany sinks 6
US merchant ships w/o warning
b. April 1917 – Wilson asks Congress for
Declaration of War
3. April 6, 1917 US declaration of War
against Germany
Senate vote: 82 to 6
II. The Home Front
A. Building up the Military
1. Selective Service (conscription)
a. Progressives against conscription
b. Selective Service - ~ 2.8 M drafted
1) men 21-30 register for draft
2) LOTTERY randomly determined
order men called
3) Local draft boards run systems –
civilian
2. Volunteers for War
a. 2 M volunteered - why? Patriotism +
“push the Hun back from trench to trench”
3. Black Americans at War
a. 400,000 drafted – 42,000 in combat
b. discrimination and prejudice and segregation
c. fought with distinction
World War I
Congressional
Medal of Honor
Recipient:
Corporal Freddie
Stowers, U.S.
Army
Some of the Colored men of the 369th (15th NY) who won the Croix de
Guerre for gallantry in action
4. Women in the Military
a. WWI: 1st time women served in armed forces
(non-combat)
b. Navy enlisted women for clerical needs.
c. Army didn’t enlist. Only women overseas =
nurses
B. Organizing Industry
1. Scientific Mgmt Approach – Congress
created special boards to EFFICIENTLY
manage biz and govt
a. War Industries Board : Goal?
organize industry to increase efficiency,
maximize production
- Led by Bernard Baruch
Did you know?........
When America entered World
War I in 1917, chairman of the
War Industries board Bernard
Baruch asked women to take off
their corsets to conserve steel.
Some 28,000 tons was diverted,
enough to build an entire
battleship.
b. Food – Food Administration: Goal? To
increase food production while reducing
civilian consumption
- run by Herbert Hoover. “Food will win war
– don’t waste it”
1) “hooverize” – “serve just enough”
“wheatless Mondays” etc
2) Victory Gardens – raise own vegetables
to leave more for the troops
c. Fuel Administration: Goal? To increase
production of coal & oil, maintain conservation
of fuel
- led by Harry Garfield
- Daylight Savings Time + shortened
workweek for factories not making war
materials
d. Paying for the War
1) increased income taxes
2) taxes on corporate profits
3) extra tax on profits of arms factories
4) ****** Most successful **** - LIBERTY
BOND sales - raised $20B
What do you
think the
bloody hand
and knife
represent (in
other words,
what was the
menace of
the seas)?
C. Mobilizing the Workforce
1. National War Labor Board – maintained
cooperation between industry mgmt and labor
unions; acted as mediators to prevent and
quickly settle disputes
- thus, labor leaders agreed not to disrupt
war production
2. Women support Industry
- More opportunities – not permanent
3. Great Migration Begins
a. immigration from Europe cut off & white
workers drafted
b. blacks moved from the RURAL SOUTH to
settle in NORTHERN CITIES why?
- higher pay, lots of work
c. changed racial makeup of Chicago, NY,
Cleveland, Detroit & other northern cities
The Great Migration
4. Mexican Americans Head North
a. Mexican Nationals migrated to TX, AZ, CA,
NM to provide farm labor for farm and
ranches of the SW.
b. MX-Ams move to cities for wartime factory
jobs
D. Ensuring Public Support
1. Selling the War
a. Committee on Public Info – led by journalist
George Creel. – “sell” the war to the public:”
- sway public opinion in favor of war
b. four-minute speeches” – urged audiences to
support war – buy bonds, report draft dodgers,
etc
American Propaganda
America’s
Most
Famous
WWI
Poster
2. Civil Liberties Curtailed
a. Fight antiwar activities or enemies at home
b. Espionage Act of 1917 – penalties & prison
terms for giving aid to enemy. Also for
disloyalty, giving false reports, interfering
with war effort
c. Sedition Act of 1918 – illegal to make public
expression of opposition to war – prosecute
anyone who criticized President or gov’t
3. Climate of Suspicion
a. fear of spies and emphasis on patriotism led
to: mistreatment and persecution of German
Americans
b. German language dropped from school
curricula, stopped playing German composers
c. mobs attacked labor activists, socialists, &
pacifists
d. newspapers urged Americans to monitor
activities of fellow citizens
e. organizations to spy on neighbors and
coworkers
4. Supreme Court Limits Free Speech
a. Schenck v. US (1919) – individuals’ freedom of
speech limited when words constitute a
“CLEAR & PRESENT DANGER”
- especially to the war effort
- upheld convictions under the Espionage
Act
III. A Bloody Conflict
A. Combat in WWI
1. Trench Warfare
a. Network of trenches stretching from
English Channel to Swiss border
b. Why? Old Strategies, New Technology:
Rapid Firing Machine Gun.
c. “no man’s land” = land between opposing
forces trenches
Major Fronts of WWI
d. The Process?
1) artillery barrages
2) bayonet charge
3) grenades in to enemy trenches
e. The Results?
1) artillery rarely destroyed enemy
defense
2) charging troops stopped by
machine gun/rifle fire
3) high casualties on both sides
4) stalemate
Trench Warfare
2. More new technology
a. German: poison gas; gas masks
b. British: Tanks – slow, unreliable
c. Airplanes: 1st used to observe enemy
activities. Then, bricks dropped, then small
bombs dropped, then machine guns, =
dogfights
Weapons of Mass
Destruction
B. The Americans and Victory
Americans = “doughboys”
1.Winning War at Sea
a. No American troop ships sunk on their way
to Europe. Why?
b. Convoys: US merchant/troop ships travel
in groups, escorted by warships
2. Russia leaves the War
a. Russia war weary, short on food & fuel
b. Czar Nicholas II abdicates March 1917
c. Bolsheviks (group of Communists) led by
Vladimir Lenin - took over Russian gov’t in
Nov. 1917
“Peace, Land, Bread”
d. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, March 3, 1918 –
Russia pulls out of war – gives to
Germany: Ukraine, Polish Baltic Territory.
Germany removes army from other
Russian land – can now concentrate on
their Western Front
3. German Offensive Falters
a. Germans push within 40 mi. of Paris
March 1918
b. Americans launch major attack in late May
1918
c. American/French troops block Germans
advance to Paris
4. Battle of Argonne Forest
a. Americans led by Gen. Pershing attack
German forces Sept 1918
b. Heavy casualties on American sides, but
Americans open hole in German lines.
Spotlight on..
•1860-1948
•West Point 1886
•Led black Army 9th & 10th Cavalry
against Plains Indians (1896)
• Spanish American War (1898)
• Philippine Insurrection (1903)
•Led Mexican Punitive expedition
against Pancho Villa (1915)
General
John J.
“Black Jack”
Pershing
• Commander-in-Chief of
American Expeditionary Forces
( AEF) WWI
Click the Speaker button
to listen to the audio again.
5. The War Ends
a. Revolution in Austria-Hungary
b. Ottoman Turks surrendered
c. Germans rebel forcing emperor Kaiser
Wilhelm to step down
d. Cease-fire: 11th hour of 11th day of 11th
month, armistice ends war
Armistice Day - France
C. Flawed Peace
1. The Big Four – the victors
a. **Germans not invited to negotiations
b. Who were the Big Four?
1) US: Pres. Wilson
2) Great Britain: PM David Lloyd George
3) France: Premier Georges Clemenceau
4) Italy: PM Vittorio Orlando
George, Orlando, Clemenceau, Wilson
2. Wilson’s Fourteen Points
a. 1st 5 pts: eliminate causes of war thru free
trade, disarmament, freedom of the seas,
impartial adjustment to colonial claims, open
diplomacy
- not secret agreements
b. Next 8 pts: Right of Self-Determination
- Also, Central Powers must evacuate
France, Belgium, Russia
c. Fourteenth Point: *** The most important to
Wilson**- the creation of the League of
Nations
- to preserve peace & prevent future wars
by pledging to respect and protect e/o
territory and political independence
14 Points
Open Diplomacy - There should be no secret treaties between powers
Freedom of Navigation - Seas should be free in both peace and war
Free Trade - The barriers to trade between countries such as custom duties should be
removed
Multilateral Disarmament - All countries should reduce their armed forces to the lowest
possible levels
Colonies - People in European colonies should have a say in their future
Russia - Russia should be allowed to operate whatever government it wanted and that
government should be accepted, supported and welcomed.
Belgium - Belgium should be evacuated and restored to the situation before the war.
France - should have Alsace-Lorraine and any lands taken away during the war restored.
Italy - The Italian border should be readjusted according to nationality
National Self -Determination - The national groups in Europe should, wherever possible, be
given their independence.
Romania, Montenegro and Serbia - Should be evacuated and Serbia should have an outlet
to the sea
Turkey - The people of Turkey should have a say in their future
Poland - Poland should become an independent state with an outlet to the sea.
League of Nations - An assembly of all nations should be formed to protect world peace in
the future
3. Treaty of Versailles - signed by Germany
6/28/1919…some provisions:
a. Germany stripped of armed forces
b. Germany had to pay reparations ($33B)
c. Germany had to acknowledge guilt for WWI
d. Germany gives up colonies
4. Results of the Treaty of Versailles
a. Dissolution of 4 Empires: Russian,
Ottoman, German, Austria-Hungary
b. New countries created: Yugoslavia,
Poland, Czechoslovakia
5. US Senate rejects Treaty of Versailles
a. Senators led by Henry Cabot Lodge felt
League of Nations was an “entangling
alliance”
- feared the League might supercede the
power of Congress to declare war & might
force US to fight in foreign conflicts
b. Senators (reservationists) supported League,
but wanted amendment that would preserve
US freedom to act independently
- Wilson wanted to ratify treaty w/o changes
c. Senate never ratified treaty – after Wilson out
of office, made separate treaties w/ each
Central Power nation
d. League of Nations formed – but w/o US
Message?
IV. The Wars Impact
A. An Economy in Turmoil
1. War Over
a. govt removes controls from US
economy
b. people now race to buy goods that had
been rationed
c. biz raised prices that they had been
forced to keep low during war
2. The Result? Inflation
3. Inflation leads to strikes
a. workers want higher wages to keep up w/
inflation
b. biz wants to hold down wages as inflation
driving their operating costs up
c. By end of 1919, more than 3,600 strikes
d. Boston Police Strike - MA Gov, Calvin
Coolidge - proclaims no right to strike at
expense of public safety. He gains
widespread public support
e. Steel Strike - set back for union cause steel
industry
B. Racial Unrest
1. US soldiers return from Europe
a. look for work, but now competing w/ black
Americans who moved to northern cities
during war
b. leads to race riots – Chicago 1919
A white gang looking for blacks during the Chicago race riots of 1919.
C. The Red Scare
1. 1919 strikes + Bolshevik Rev. = growth of antiCommunism
- fear that Communists were conspiring to start a
revolution in US too.
2. Immigrants blamed for importing radical
socialist, communist ideas to US
3. USSR formed Communist Int'l to coordinate
activities of Communist parties in other
countries
4. Red Scare begins
a. strikes lead to fear that Communists trying to
seize power
b. April 1919: USPS intercepts bomb-laden
parcels.
c. June 1919: 8 bombs in 8 cities.
Nationwide conspiracy???
- must be work of communists trying to
destroy US way of life
5. The Palmer Raids
a. General Intelligence Division (later FBI) led
by J. Edger Hoover. - special div. w/in
Justice Dept to deal w/ issue
b. Atty Gen. A. Mitchell Palmer organized raids
hdqtrs of radical orgs.
- raids focus on foreign residents &
immigrants
- detain thousands, deport appx 500
- civil liberties denied ( no search warrant,
jailed indefinitely)
c. Raids fail to turn up any real evidence of
conspiracy
d. Red Scare leads to limits on immigration
Palmer Raids
By early 1920, more than five thousand people were
arrested in what became known as the "Palmer
Raids." Goldman's Mother Earth office was among
the first to be ransacked in 1917
Immigration Restrictions
D. End of Progressivism
1. Call for return of simple days before
Progressive Reform & WWI - "normalcy"
2. Warren G. Harding (R) elected in 1920
- US tired of crusades to reform society &
the world