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After the upheaval of the
revolution, the French people
craved “Confidence from
Below, Authority from
Above.”
-Abbe Sieyes
On November 8, 1799,
Napoleon organized a coup;
He ended the Directory by
military takeover and was
voted first Consul of the new
republic.
The “Napoleonic Code”
established equality for all
male citizens & security for
wealth and private property.
Established the Bank of
France, which appealed to
peasants who gained land and
status from the revolution.
Granted amnesty to nobility
who fled France during the
revolution, provided they take
an oath of loyalty.
Established a centralized state
similar to that of Louis XIV.
Created a new imperial
nobility in order to reward his
most talented generals and
officials.
Signed the Concordat of
1801; allowed French
Catholics to practice freely
while also allowing
Napoleon’s government to
nominate bishops and pay the
clergy.
Women were by law
considered dependents of
their fathers or their
husbands.
Free speech and freedom of
the press were continually
violated; by 1811 only 4
newspapers existed in France
and were nothing more than
organs of propaganda.
Napoleon’s advisor Joseph
Fouche organized an efficient
spy system with near constant
police surveillance; habeas
corpus was violated.
Used the wartime atmosphere
of conflict with Britain to
have himself proclaimed
emperor in 1804.
Within the Grand Empire,
Napoleon abolished serfdom
and feudal dues, yet levied
heavy taxes to support his
military.
In 1808, Napoleon attempted
to make his brother king of
Spain, sparking a rebellion.
Napoleon held a plebiscite, or a
vote, each time he assumed
greater power. He was
strongly supported by the
French people.
Set up a system of public
schools under government
controls.
Economic reforms included:
controlling prices,
encouraging new industry,
and improving infrastructure.
Allowed peasants to keep
lands they purchased from
the Catholic church and
nobility during the revolution.
Military successes inspired
feelings of nationalism,
loyalty, and patriotism.