Transcript Glavnoe Upravlenie ispravitel`no-trudovykh LAGerei

(r. 1924-1953)
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1878 –1953
Joseph Dzhugashvili
Gori, Georgia
Peasant – Father Boot maker
“Pocky” (Age 7)
1899 expelled from Seminary School
1902 imprisoned – exiled to Siberia
1904 – Escaped Siberia
1905 met Lenin
1911 editor of Pravda
1917 – Commissar of Nationalities
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1878 –1953
“Man of Steel”
“Socialism in One Country”
General Secretary of the Communist
Party (1922)
• Power – command of bureaucratic and
administrative control
• Admission to the party and promotion
within it
• 10,000 appointments – regional, district,
city , and town party secretaries
“WE ARE FIFTY OR ONE
HUNDRED YEARS BEHIND
THE ADVANCE COUNTRIES.
WE MUST MAKE GOOD THIS
DISTANCE IN TEN YEARS”
- Stalin
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Lev Davidovich Bronshtein
Trotsky (1879 – 1940)
Commissar for War
Leader of the Red Army
“Permanent Revolution”
World Revolution
Left wing Bolsheviks
1927 expelled from the
Communist party
• 1929 exiled from Russia
• Revokes the NEP
• Five-Year Plans – Rapid
Industrialization
• “Collectivization” - Agricultural
• “Revolution from above”
• Cultural Revolution
• Worker/Police State
• Totalitarian Dictatorship
• Cult of Personality
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5 YEAR PLANS (1928) – first of many
Economic, social, and political revolution
Rapid Industrialization
Revoked the NEP (too capitalistic)
Iron, Steel, machines, electric, transportation
Economic Growth – Heavy Industry
111% coal, 200% iron, 335% electric
production
• Increased output – higher wages, better housing
• 2nd only to the U.S
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25 million migrated to cities
Production = 1928-1937 – 4x’s
Hired Foreign Engineers
Unemployment unknown
Women worked in factories
Personal Advancement –
incentives, pensions, education,
medical services
• 1928-1937
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Steel production 4 million to 18 million tons
Coal output 36 to 128 million tons
Production of capital goods and armaments
Quadrupled production of heavy machinery
Doubled oil production
Weapons increase tenfold or more
Real wages declined 43% b/w 1928-1940
Housing and consumer goods declined
Human cost?
• “WORKER STATE” – right to
employment, leisure time, annual
paid vacations, social security,
old-age, accident, sickness
insurance, medical and hospital
care
• Labor Conditions? – lateness,
absence, fined sent to Labor
Camps
• GULAG
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Glavnoe Upravlenie ispravitel’no-trudovykh LAGerei
Main administration of Corrective Labor Camps
Soviet system of forced labor camps
Origins 1917 Revolution
Height during the reign of Stalin
White Sea-Baltic Sea Canal (1931-33) – 141 mile canal
100,000 prisoners – pickaxes, shovels, wheel barrels
created in just 20 months – SUCCESS?
• Kolyma - harshest of all the camps “means death”
• Arctic region – harsh temperatures, insufficient rations,
sleep, and clothing – 12-16 hour work day
• More people passed through the GULAG than the
Nazi concentration camps; yet, the GULAG is still
not nearly as well know. WHY?
• Nazi camps used to “exterminate”
• GULAG – weapon of ongoing political control over
one country
• “trials” – 5 minutes – sentences 8-10 years
• Article 58 – (1928) – anti-Soviet activity
• 25% “political prisoners”
• Mining, rail construction, arms & chemical
factories, electricity plants, fish canning, airport,
apartment, and sewage construction
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Collective Farms or “Collectivization” (1929)
Agricultural output
25 Million Farmers
Forced farmers to pool their land, livestock, equipment
Lenin’s NEP produced Kulaks – well-to-do peasants –
peasant capitalists - or anyone who resisted collectivization
• refused – 1932 entire class eliminated – forced labor camps,
or killed
• ‘liquidation” of the entire class
• Artificial famine – 10 million died
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Peasants “cursed problem”
War against peasants
New socialist state
1929 forced consolidation
peasant farms = state
controlled
• Kulaks refused – 5 million –
liquidated
• Output 1928-38 identical to
1913
• Wide spread famine
• Ukraine 1932-33 –
approximately 6 million
died
• Millions migrated to cities
• Overcrowding, sewage,
housing
• OUTCOME – Production of
food did not increase
“Annihilate the Kulaks
as a class!”
c. 1929
• Secret Police (NKDV), Purge
Trials (1936-1939) – accused of
disloyalty – enemies
• 1937-1938 – “Great Terror”
• Shot 1500 people a day
• Eliminate opposition - - high
Soviet leaders, civilian party
members, major party leaders,
army officers, diplomats,
intellectuals, Old Bolsheviks
• Mid 1930’s
• Officials, workers, peasants,
intellectuals, military
• Sergei Kirov (1888-1934)- #2
man assassinated
• Millions killed, exiled, sent to
labor camps
• OUTCOME – consolidation
of power – new Communists
loyal to Stalin
• “What role did Stalin play in the history of our
country?”
• POSITIVE 53%
• NEGATIVE 33%
• Had difficulty answering the question
14%
2003 – 50th anniversary of Stalin’s death
BBC World News Service
• 1878 –1953
• Preserved some
revolutionary goals
• No hereditary Czar, no
privileged class, improved
standard of living
• New upper class –
professionals, factory
managers
• Single leader
• Revolutionary transformation
• Treated as a benevolent "guide"
for the nation
• Transformation to a better future
cannot occur without him
• Superman
• Propaganda
• Hero Worship – “Uncle Joe”
“”A single death is a tragedy,
a million is a statistic” STALIN
“Ideas are far more powerful than
guns. We don't allow our enemies
to have guns, why should we allow
them to have ideas?” - STALIN
20+ Million Deaths = Starvation, Forced
Labor Camps, Purges