Transcript File - Mr. O`Sullivan`s World of History

Reasons for the
Communists’ Success
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Mao won support of peasants
Mao won support of women
Mao’s army used guerilla war tactics
Many saw the Nationalist government
as corrupt
Many felt that the Nationalists allowed
foreigners to dominate China.
Impact of the Japanese invasion on
Nationalist forces
Communists seen as main force against
Japanese
Small units
of land
Many peasants were on
military service and were
away from their villages
Years of foreign and civil wars
had caused widespread
damage to Chinese industry.
FARMING
Lack of
investment
INDUSTRY
No farm
machinery, no
fertilisers
Old-fashioned
methods of farming
by hand.
PROBLEMS FACING
CHINA IN 1949
Outdated
Damage to
machines
transport
systems –roads,
rail, bridges
INEQUALITIES BETWEEN
RICH AND POOR
In the countryside,
most of the land was
owned by a few rich
landowners
The ordinary people lived in great
poverty, poor housing, working
long hours, often in dangerous
conditions, for low pay, poor
health, little education.
In the cities, factories
and businesses were
owned by an elite rich.
Mao wanted China to be a great military power
which could dominate other countries. But China
was poor and over 90% of its population were
peasant farmers. If China was to be strong,
prosperous and independent, then both Chinese
industry and farming had to be reformed.
HOW WAS THIS TO BE ACHIEVED?
1. FIVE YEAR PLANS were introduced - based on the Russian
model. Russian advisers were brought in to help.
2. IRON AND STEEL - Mao made iron and steel production the
central focus of his industrial reform programme. Why?
3. FARMING REFORMS - The cost of modernising industry would
have to be paid by selling Chinese farm produce. Mao saw that
Chinese farming also needed to be reformed.
MAO’s REFORM PROGRAMMES
FARMING
INDUSTRY
1950 - LAND REFORM ACT
1953-1957 1ST FIVE YEAR PLAN
1952 – MUTUAL AID TEAMS
COLLECTIVISATION
EXPANSION OF HEAVY
INDUSTRIES: IRON +
STEEL, COAL, MACHINERY
1953 – CO-OPERATIVE FARMS
1955 – COLLECTIVE FARMS
1958-1963 - 2ND FIVE YEAR PLAN:
THE GREAT LEAP FORWARD
THE ‘BACKYARD’
STEEL CAMPAIGN
EXTREME COMMUNIST
LIFESTYLE
PEASANTS USED TO HELP
EXPAND STEEL PRODUCTION
COMMUNES
‘Heavy industries’ are
those basic industries
that a country needs to
develop before other
areas of its economy
can expand.
Chemical
Fertiliser
The steel works at Anshan in
Manchuria, built in the 1950s
Cement
Oil
Coal
Steel Iron
Identify the various materials that were needed to construct the features
shown below. How does this help answer the question above?
IRON
COAL
CEMENT
OIL
RUBBER
Ships
Steel bridge
spars
Steel Diesel
engine
Girders
– Steel
Steel –
railway
lines
Steel pipes
Iron Railings
Iron –
lamp
posts
Steel - Motor Vehicles
Nanjing Bridge over the Yangzi River
WHO IS BEING SHOWN
ON THIS POSTER?
WHAT MESSAGE DO YOU
THINK THIS POSTER IS
MAKING?
That Communist Russia and
Communist China are close
friends, and should help
each other. That Chinese
people can learn from
Russia’s example.
The idea for Five Year Plans was borrowed from Stalin’s
Russia. It involved the ideas of:
NATIONALISATION -
Private businesses and industries are
taken over and run by the national
government – state control.
CENTRAL PLANNING - All decisions about the economy are
decided by the central [national]
government.
TARGETS / QUOTAS - To increase output the government
sets production ‘targets’ which have
to be met within a 5 year time span.
INCENTIVES - To encourage workers [and supervisors] to work
harder to reach the targets set, ‘incentives’ are
offered eg. bigger food ration, better apartment,
better schooling for their children.
The Five Year Plans were
accompanied by major
propaganda Campaigns
What was the idea behind
this poster?
We will protect the honour
of the Red Flag!
We devote our greatest strength to socialism!, 1954
S
S
S
F???
F???
S
Production figures
before the start of
the 1st Five Year
Plan.
Expected production figures
at end of 1st Five Year Plan.
Compare 1957 figures with
1952 figures.
Were these
failures?
HOW DID CHINESE PEOPLE FEEL ABOUT THE FIVE YEAR PLANS?
Probably a mix of feelings:
- PRIDE: in helping to build a strong,
modern and industrialised China.
- CONCERN: due to increasing
shortages both of food and luxury
and consumer goods. Why were
there shortages?
FOOD - Most surplus farm produce
was being sent overseas to buy
machinery for China’s industries.
LUXURY AND CONSUMER GOODS
- The Chinese economy was
focused on developing heavy
industries, there were few
resources available for consumer
products - soap, clothing, etc.
Transport raw materials to the
factories, deliver machinery to the
rural villages, 1955
- CONCERN: movement of peasants from countryside into the cities to
work in the new industries. More mouths had to be fed.
PAST EXAM QUESTIONS ON THE FIVE YEAR PLANS:
(b) (i) In what ways did Mao Zedong change the organisation of
agriculture and industry in the years 1949-59?
You may use the following information to help you with your answer:
Land Reform
Collectivisation
1953-57:
First Five Year Plan
1958:
Great Leap Forward
(15)
2004
6a (1) What is meant by the term ‘Five-Year Plan’?
(3)
2003
(b) (i) In what ways did Mao Zedong change agriculture and industry
in China in the years from 1949 to the beginning of the Cultural
Revolution in 1966?
You may use the following information to help you with your
answer
Collectivisation
Communes
Five Year Plan
Great Leap Forward
(15)