Transcript Europe & The Great War - Office of Instructional Technology

Europe &
The Great War
(1890-1920)
Do Now
“Modern”
What does it mean?
Is it a good thing? A bad thing?
Can it be both?
Modern
HISTORY DEFINITION
A term used to describe…
• quicker pace of life
• the rise of mass politics
• decline of rural life / more urban life
…from the late 1800s on.
Modern
GENERAL DEFINITION
• a sharp break from the past and tradition
• can refer to literature, art, politics, ideas,
etc.
Kandinsky,
Russian painter
Modern
We will be looking
at how Europe
became more
“modern” in
both ways…
Europe Modernized
Industrialization
- Railroads
- Commercial agriculture
- Automobiles
Technology
- Indoor plumbing
- Electricity
- Telephones
- Photography
Modern Thought & Culture
• “modern” ideas go back
to the Enlightenment: you
can solve any problem
through rational thought
and science
• But “modern” thinkers of
late 1800s / early 1900s
use science to look at
humanity more negatively
Modern Thought & Culture
Review what these terms mean…
• Realpolitik
– Politics not based on ideals (ex: rights) / based
on what is good for the state
• Social Darwinism
– Some groups of people more “fit” to survive
than others / should therefore be in charge
Modern Thought & Culture
Sigmund Freud
• Begins field of
psychology
• Believes humans act out
of self-interest / humans
not always reasonable
Modern Thought & Culture
Max Weber
• Pessimistic about
governments’ ability to deal
with modern problems
(large populations, etc.)
• Get rid of bureaucracy
• Need a strong and powerful
leader to act decisively
Modern Thought & Culture
Friedrich Nietzsche
•
•
•
•
People like rationalism and
science because it is easier to
deal with
But the truth about humans is
more disturbing
Moves away from ideas of the
Enlightenment / human
instincts are important
His ideas inspiring at first, but
later used to justify racism,
nationalism, militarism, etc.
Modern Thought & Culture
What do these thinkers have in common?
The old rules and ideas no longer apply or
work.
Universal vs. Relative
The world is a crazy place, and crazy actions
may be necessary.
Modern Thought & Culture
Igor Stravinsky’s Rite of Spring (1913)
•
•
•
Extremely jarring new music
Awkward poses and dances to intense rhythms
Attempting to depict “primitive” non-European peoples
Watch this clip
“Audience began shouting its indignation… Fighting actually broke out
among the spectators” - a Paris reporter
Discuss
• How does The Rite of Spring express the idea of
“modern”?
• How can modernism be seen as a positive thing?
• How can it be seen as negative?
• How do these thinkers move away from the ideas
of the Enlightenment?
• What problems could these modern ideas pose
in terms of human rights?
Do Now
• What does the term “modern” mean?
• What were some modern ideas at the
turn of the 20th century?
The Road to World War I
Use this mnemonic device to help you
take notes…
• Militarism
• Alliances
• Imperialism
• Nationalism
Nationalism:
Population & “Race”
• Population boom in cities at this time (lower death rates,
more sanitation, etc.)
• But lower birth rates (less children needed for help on
farms / agriculture more efficient)
• Social Darwinists concerned about this / want to see their
nations win in “survival of the fittest”
• People become more racist and anti-immigrant
Nationalism
• Labor & Socialist parties gain strength / challenge
conservatives
• Nationalism [and racism] provide a way for the far right to
mobilize people
• Feel like their nation is “threatened” / Social Darwinism as a
way of motivating people
Imperialism
• European states’ attempts to maintain colonies abroad
makes relations difficult in Europe
• EX: British have problems in South Africa / Germany
cheers on the resistance
Militarism
• European countries massively build up their
militaries to protect their overseas colonies
• Industrial factories make this possible
• People of these countries support this (thanks to
nationalism)
Alliance
Is an agreement between two countries to help each other. It
can include aid in the form of money, food, weapons, etc.
Or it can mean a promise for military action.
Alliances
Late 1800s, European nation-states form several
alliances…
• Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
• Triple Entente: France, Russia, Great Britain
“entente” means a less formal promise than an
alliance (can be broken more easily)
Alliances
Alliances
Leaders thought that these alliances would keep the
peace because no single nation would dare to attack
another and bring about a total war
Actively Read
…this primary source about the Dreyfus Affair.
Use vocabulary from previous units in this
class, or from today, to annotate your texts.
What long-term cause of World War I might we
associate this with?
What are some possible connections?
Do Now
CAUSE and EFFECT:
How does this work?
What do you think is the difference between a
long-term CAUSE and a short-term CAUSE?
What were some long-term causes that led to
World War I?
Review: Alliances
Alliances
Leaders thought that these alliances would keep the
peace because no single nation would dare to attack
another and bring about a total war
Alliances
BUT there is
a place
called the
Balkans…
The Balkan Crisis
1912-13:
• Nationalist ethnic groups
in this region want their
own nation-states
• Revolt against the Ottoman
Empire who had ruled
them for hundreds of
years and mostly win
The Balkan Crisis
• One of these new nation-states is
Serbia
• Nationalism is very big here, but
many ethnic Serbs are stuck
living under Austria-Hungary’s
Empire
• Serbian nationalist leaders want
to expand their borders and unite
the Serbian people
• Austria-Hungary very concerned
about this / a rebellion may
cause other uprisings in their
empire
Balkan Crisis
• June 28, 1914: Archduke Franz Ferdinand decides to visit
Sarajevo, a city in Bosnia (in the Balkans)
• Ferdinand is assassinated by a young Serbian named
Gavrilo Princip
Balkan Crisis
• Princip is arrested and Austria-Hungary uses this as
an excuse to punish Serbia
• Austria-Hungary makes humiliating demands and
declares war on Serbia July 28, 1914
Balkan Crisis
• Russia promised to support Serbia if attacked (considered
close because both peoples identify with Slavic ethnicity…
nationalism!) / Russia declares war on Austria-Hungary
• Germany sees Russia as a threat to German nationalism
(Austrians also speak German) / Germany declares war on
Russia, then on France
• Etc. etc. etc.
War Begins
Germany’s attack on a neutral country (Belgium), brings
Great Britain into the war
Allied Powers
Central Powers
Great
Britain
France
Russia
Germany
World War I
AustriaHungary
Italy
Archdukes, Cynicism, and
World War I
What does it mean to be cynical?
Watch this video from Crash Course in
World History and complete the
worksheet.
Homework
Actively read and answer questions on
“The War Begins” and “A New Kind of
War”
Do Now
Take out last night’s
reading on “The Great
War Begins” and “A
New Kind of War”
Be prepared to discuss.
Because the Kaiser’s
moustache said so!
The Great War Begins
1. What were the major events of the
fighting of 1914?
The Great War Begins
Battle of the Frontiers
The Great War Begins
Russian invasion of Germany = a disaster
(prisoners of war at Tannenberg)
The Great War Begins
Battle of the Marne
The Great War Begins
Stalemate on the Western Front
The Great War Begins
2. How did the construction of the
trenches affect the war in 1914?
The Great War Begins
A New Kind of War
1. How did World War I differ from all
previous wars?
A New Kind of War
Trench warfare on a MASSIVE scale
A New Kind of War
Miserable trench life
A New Kind of War
Life in the
trenches
A New Kind
of War
Life in the trenches
A New Kind of War
Trench foot
A New Kind of War
2. How did new technology affect the
World War I battlefield?
A New Kind of War
Poison gas
A New Kind of War
What dangers did soldiers have to worry about
while fighting in the trenches?
What effect did all of this fighting have on the
direction of the war?
Use evidence from the images to support your
answer.
A New Kind of War
“no-man’s-land”
A New Kind of War
A New Kind of War
“shelling”
A New Kind of War
“Shell Shock”
Psychological trauma as a
result of war experience
Symptoms include:
• Constant anxiety
• Facial muscle tics
• Nightmares/daymares
• Diarrhea
• Loss of sight
Symptoms often directly
linked to physical
experiences during
wartime
Paths of Glory (1957)
Fictional anti-war film by Stanley Kubrick
that takes place with French troops during
World War I. Watch these scenes…
A stroll through the trenches
We’ll take the ant hill
Charging the ant hill
Discussion
• What is “shell shock”?
• What do you think is the colonel’s
impression about human life in war?
• What do you think the “ant hill”
represents?
• What might be the connection between
what you see here and industrialism?
• What might be the connection between
this and modernity?
Do Now
What is a “civilian”?
In what ways do you think civilians can be
involved with a war effort?
War on the Home Front
In what ways did “total war” affect life on the
home front?
How did civilians support the war effort?
Women
building a
railroad in
England
War on the Home Front
What is rationing?
War on the Home Front
What are sedition acts?
War on the Home Front
What is propaganda?
War on the Home Front
What effect did propaganda have on the war itself?
French war propaganda, 1915
This poster reads “Never Forget!”
Is intended to incite anger against the Germans
for “the rape of Belgium”
Propaganda offices send out reports to
newspapers of women and children being
attacked by German troops (sometimes not
completely accurate)
Wrap-Up
• What is “total war”?
• Name some ways that civilians
contributed to the war
• What is rationing?
• Sedition acts?
• Propaganda?
Do Now
“Why did the United States enter the first
world war?”
Develop a hypothesis that answers this
question.
Why did the United States
enter the first world war?
• Share your hypothesis with the class
• As a class, let’s develop a list of
possible reasons that we can explore
together
• Record these reasons in the left column
of your chart
Why did the United States
enter the first world war?
• As a class, let’s work through the documents one at a time
• Use active reading skills to make notes in the margins
• Point to evidence that will support or refute your
hypothesis
• As we discuss, record whether the evidence supports or
refutes your hypothesis in the chart
Do Now
What should a peace treaty do?
Who should benefit from it?
What lessons could be learned from a war?
Read…
• Actively read this text on the end of
World War I
• Then, respond to the questions for each
section
The End of the Fighting
1. What was the outcome of Germany’s
last offensive?
2. What effect did U.S. troops have on
the war?
The End of the Fighting
1917: Russian tanks
withdraw from the
Eastern Front. Their
country going through
revolution and Civil War.
The End of the Fighting
1918: German “Spring” Offensive
The End of Fighting
BUT…
American troops (AKA “doughboys”) had arrived in
large numbers
The End of the Fighting
Allied “Counter-Offensive” (Summer 1918)
The End of the Fighting
Armistice declared: November 11, 1918
(11/11 at 11 o’clock)
A Difficult Peace
1. How did various Allied goals for peace
differ?
2. Why was it so difficult to work out a
peace agreement?
A Difficult Peace
USA: Woodrow Wilson’s 14
Points…
• Worldwide reduction of
weapons
• Free navigation of the seas
• “Self-determination”
(political independence) for
all national groups (ex: Italy,
Austria-Hungary, the
Balkans, Poland, etc.)
• A League of Nations should
be set up to guarantee
independence for all nations
A Difficult Peace
FRANCE: Georges Clemenceau wants “reparations”
(payments for war damages) from Germany
A Difficult Peace
BRITAIN: David Lloyd George - somewhere between
Clemenceau and Wilson
A Difficult Peace
2. How did the Treaty of Versailles affect
Germany?
A Difficult Peace
Treaty of
Versailles
A Difficult Peace
League of Nations membership map
A Difficult Peace
The Costs of the War
1. What event that began in 1918 added
to the suffering caused by fighting?
The Costs of the War
Influenza pandemic (1918)
The Costs of the War
Economic Devastation (in this photo: Flanders, Belgium)
War Around the World
What role did “colonial peoples” play in
the war? What did they hope they might
gain in return?
The Costs of the War
Colonial Uprisings (in this photo: Egypt’s Revolution
against British rule (1919-1922)
Homework
Study for the quiz on World War I!