Transcript Unit 6 World War I

Unit 6: World War I
Learning Targets
• #13 Select examples of advancements in technology, communication and
transportation and explain how some have improved lives and others have
had negative consequences.
• #14 Explain how militarism, imperialism, nationalism and alliances were
causes of World War I.
• #15 Explain how the consequences of World War I and the worldwide
depression set the stage for the Russian Revolution, the rise of
totalitarianism, aggressive Axis expansion and the policy of appeasement,
which, in turn, led to World War II.
• #16 Explain how and why oppression and discrimination resulted in the
Armenian Genocide during World War I and the Holocaust, the statesponsored mass murder of Jews and other groups, during World War II.
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Warm-up #18
• What are the positive aspects of having a close friend or ally? What
are the negative aspects?
• Why was Europe considered to be moving toward peace at the turn of
the 20th Century?
• What caused some of the previous wars we have discussed in class,
and do any of these causes still exist at this point in history?
World War I: The Death of Glory
12.1 The Great War Begins
A. Europe on the Brink of War
• What were the MAIN causes of
World War I?
▫ Militarism: policy of glorifying
military power & preparing for
war by most European
countries, caused by the desire
to protect their overseas
colonies. This led to a tense
environment.
Countries in First
World War
Standing Armies
& Reserves in
August 1914
Mobilised
Forces in
1914-18
Russia
5,971,000
12,000,000
France
4,017,000
8,410,000
Great Britain
975,000
8,905,000
Italy
1,251,000
5,615,000
United States
200,000
4,355,000
Japan
800,000
800,000
Romania
290,000
750,000
Serbia
200,000
707,000
Belgium
117,000
267,000
Greece
230,000
230,000
Portugal
40,000
100,000
Montenegro
50,000
50,000
Germany
4,500,000
11,000,000
Austria-Hungary
3,000,000
7,800,000
Turkey
210,000
2,850,000
Bulgaria
280,000
1,200,000
12.1 The Great War Begins
A. Europe on the Brink of War
• What were the MAIN causes of
World War I?
▫ Alliances: agreements to
defend another country if
threatened. Many thought this
would keep peace, because
many nations would be
involved in any conflict.
Triple Alliance v. Triple Entente
12.1 The Great War Begins
A. Europe on the Brink of War
• What were the MAIN causes of
World War I?
▫ Imperialism: most European
countries were competing to
build an empire, which
increased their sense of rivalry
& mistrust.
12.1 The Great War Begins
A. Europe on the Brink of War
• What were the MAIN causes of
World War I?
▫ Nationalism: this strong
devotion to one’s national
group or culture led to
conflicts, especially in many
empires that combined many
different ethnic groups.
12.1 The Great War Begins
B. War Breaks Out
• The Balkans were known as
Europe’s “powder keg” because of
the nationalist uprisings & ethnic
clashes there. Tensions increased
when Austria-Hungary took over
Bosnia-Herzegovina.
• The “spark” that ignited the war
was the assassination of Archduke
Franz Ferdinand of Austria on June
28, 1914 in Bosnia.
12.1 The Great War Begins
B. War Breaks Out
• What was the chain reaction that led to
actual war?
1. Austria declared war on Serbia.
2. Russia mobilizes on the Austrian &
German border.
3. Germany declares war on Russia &
France.
4. Great Britain declares war on Germany
for going through Belgium to get to
France.
12.1 The Great War Begins
B. War Breaks Out
• What sides were taken once the war
started?
• Central Powers: Germany, AustriaHungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire
• Allied Powers: Great Britain, France,
Russia, Japan, Italy
• All the players involved believed that
the war would be over quickly and it
would give their side a chance at glory
12.1 The Great War Begins
• C. Fighting in 1914
▫ War became a stalemate fought on
“the frontiers” of northern France
known as the Western Front
▫ After defeat at the Battle of Marne
the Germans dug a series of
trenches. Both sides dug in and
began to develop large cannon,
poison, tanks, and planes leading
to prolonged fighting and death
Warm-up #19
• As a review, what were the two rival alliances that divided
Europe by 1914, and which countries were part of each
alliance?
• What MAIN events in Europe led to the “Great War”?
• In your opinion, could anything have been done to stop
World War I from happening once Franz Ferdinand was
assassinated?
12.2 A New Kind of War
A. The World War I Battlefield
• Where was the
Western Front?
▫ It was the
deadlocked
region of
Northern France,
where mostly
trench warfare
was used.
12.2 A New Kind of War
A. The World War I Battlefield
• What was the Schlieffen Plan,
and was it successful?
▫ The German plan to defeat
France in the west first &
then fight Russia in the east
failed, which forced
Germany to fight a 2-front
war.
12.2 A New Kind of War
A. The World War I Battlefield
• What was trench
warfare?
▫ This strategy including
digging deep ditches to
protect from enemy
fire. Trenches were
miserable, filled with
rats, mud, and lice. The
land between the
trenches was called
“no man’s land”.
12.2 A New Kind of War
A. The World War I Battlefield
• What were
some of the
weapons
used in
World War I?
http://www.gwpda.org/photos/greatwar.htm
12.2 A New Kind of War
B. War on the Home Front
• What is total war, and how did
many nations fight a total war?
▫ This is when a country uses all
of society’s resources to fight
the war, including rationing
resources, more government
control, using propaganda and
censoring anti-war sentiments,
and including women in the
workforce.
12.2 A New Kind of War
C. War around the World
• Where was the Eastern Front,
and why was it important to the
war?
▫ It was the battlefield along the
German & Russian border. This
was a more mobile type of
war, and although Russia was
unindustrialized, it’s large
number of soldiers kept
Germany fighting in the east.
12.2 A New Kind of War
C. War around the World
• What occurred during the Armenian
Massacre, and what was the effect?
▫ Ottoman leaders who believed the
Armenians were aiding the Russians
began to force Armenians from their
home in the Ottoman Empire, which
led to many Armenian deaths. These
leaders were accused of genocide for
deliberately trying to destroy a group
of people.
12.2 A New Kind of War
C. War around the World
• How did World War I become a
truly global conflict?
▫ Fighting took place not only in
Europe, but also in Asia &
Africa, where nations would
attack one another’s colonies.
Also, colonies supplied
soldiers, weapons or other
resources, many with the
hopes of being rewarded with
their independence.
Warm-up #20
• What were the two alliances that formed once World War I
started, and which countries made up each?
• Could World War I be considered a “European conflict”, and
why or why not?
12.4 The War Ends
A. The United States Enters the War
• What events led the U.S. to
enter World War I?
▫ #1: A German U-boat sunk
the British passenger ship
the Lusitania in 1915,
killing 1,200 (128 Am.).
The Germans continued to
use unrestricted
submarine warfare.
12.4 The War Ends
A. The United States Enters the War
• What events led the U.S. to
enter World War I?
▫ #2: In 1917, U.S. officials
intercepted a telegram
from Germany called the
Zimmerman Note, stating
that Germany would help
Mexico reconquer lands
lost to the U.S. if Mexico
allied with Germany.
12.4 The War Ends
B. The End of the Fighting
• Why was 1917 seen as a significant
shift in the balance of the war, and
how did Germany try to take
advantage?
▫ Russia withdrew from the war after
its 1917 revolution, which allowed
Germany to focus solely on the
Western Front. However, the U.S.
entered the war in April, and
helped the Allies win the Second
Battle of the Marne in France.
12.4 The War Ends
B. The End of the Fighting
• How did World War I
finally end?
▫ Germany & the Allies
signed an armistice
(agreement to stop
fighting) on
November 11, 1918.
Warm-up #21
• What is the importance of establishing terms of peace
following war?
• What do you think the goals of the Allies will be, and why?
• What do you think the goals of the Central Powers will be,
and why?
12.4 The War Ends
C. A Difficult Peace
• What was the Fourteen Points,
and what were some main ideas
of this plan?
▫ This was Woodrow Wilson’s
proposal for peace. It included
an end to secret treaties,
freedom of the seas, free trade,
reduced militaries, selfdetermination & a world peace
organization.
12.4 The War Ends
C. A Difficult Peace
• What was included in the Treaty of Versailles?
▫ Germany was punished: lost territory,
forced to reduce military, made to pay
reparations, forced to take full
responsibility.
▫ Create a League of Nations to be an
international peace association (but had
many flaws).
12.4 The War Ends
C. A Difficult Peace
• How did the treaties at the end of the war cause bitterness for
both Allied & Central Power countries?
▫ Empires were broken apart, and many countries became
mandates (under the control of Br. & Fr. powers).
▫ The Balfour Declaration favored a Jewish homeland in Israel,
which caused tension in the Middle East.
▫ The U.S. did not sign the Treaty of Versailles or join the
League of Nations.
▫ Germans were bitter over the treaties.
▫ Colonies were bitter about not gaining independence.
▫ Japan & Italy were bitter about not gaining more territory.
12.4 The War Ends
D. Costs of War
• What were the “costs” of World War I?
▫ Human costs: nearly 9 million soldiers died (22 million
total including civilians), another 21 million wounded
▫ Economic costs: destroyed large amounts of land &
resources, estimated at +$330 billion in losses
▫ Power shift: Europe no longer dominant (U.S., Japan)
▫ Political unrest: changes of leadership & governments,
including Communism in Russia
▫ Social unrest: colonies will increase movements for
independence, sense of insecurity spreads
 How would you sum World War I up in just one word?