Transcript Chapter_14Powerpoint[1]

Chapter 14
Revolutions and Nationalism
Kai-shek
Russia
► Czar
Alexander II is assassinated by
revolutionaries because of slow change
► Czar Alexander III takes over (1881)
resists change kept absolute authority
(Autocracy)
► Strict Censorship
► Only allowed Russian orthodox religion
► Only Russian language allowed
► Oppressed other national groups within
Russia
Pogroms: organized violence against Jews
Anyone who argues is sent to the “gulags”
in Siberia
Russia Industrializes
►
Number of Factories doubled between 1863-1899
►
Industrialization causes discontent over working
conditions, low wages, & child labor.
►
The government outlawed unions.
►
Workers organize strikes
Revolutionary Movement Grows
►Vladimir
Ilyich Ulyanov, known as Lenin, will
lead a Marxist group of revolutionaries.
►He
believes Marx’s theory that the workers
of a country will rise to overthrow the czar
and bourgeoisie. The workers will share all
wealth with everyone equal.
►The
workers were known as the
“Proletariat”.
►Lenin
will lead a radical group of Marxists
known as the “Bolsheviks”. He will be
exiled to Germany in early 1900s.
Trouble in Russia
The Russo Japanese War
(1904)
► Russia and Japan will
compete for control of
Korea & Manchuria.
► Signed an agreement over
land, Russia breaks it
► Russia will move to attack
Japan
► After 6 months to travel to
Japan, the Russian navy is
defeated in one day.
Bloody Sunday
►
Czar Nicholas II came to power in 1894
(Alexander III’s son)
►
On January 22, 1905, 200,000 workers will march on
the Czar Nicholas II Winter Palace in St. Petersburg to
ask for better working conditions, more personal
freedoms, & an elected legislature
The soldiers protecting
the palace fire upon the
crowd.
►
Over 500 were killed,
thousands wounded.
►
World War I – The Final Blow
► Russia
was unprepared to handle the
military and economic costs.
► Nicholas goes to the front and leaves
Czarina Alexandra to run the government.
► Czarina listens to Rasputin and lets him
make some political decisions
► 1.7 million soldiers die in battle.
► Soldiers
begin to mutiny,
desert, and ignore orders.
► Everywhere
food and fuel
supplies were running short.
► Russians
from all classes call
for an end to the war.
The March Revolution
► In
March 1917, strikes expand. Soldiers refuse to
fire on the workers.
► Nicholas
abdicates his throne. 300 years of
czarist rule comes to an end. 1 year later Czar
and his family are executed.
► Provisional,
temporary, government is
established.
► Soviets- local councils made up of workers,
peasants and soldiers.
► In
1917, Germany sends Lenin back to Russia in
a boxcar hoping he will create problems in
Russia and hurt Russia’s effort in the war.
The Bolshevik Revolution
► Lenin
calls for “Land, Peace, and Bread”
► “All
power to the people.” The world’s first
communist government is created.
► November
1917, “10 days that shook the world” –
Lenin and the Bolsheviks take control of the
government.
► Lenin
sends Leon Trotsky to Germany to sign the
Brest-Litovsk Treaty, to get Russia out of the war.
(March 1918)
Lenin takes control
► Civil
war breaks out in Russia, 19181920.
► Lenin’s Red army vs. Allied White
army.
► Lenin’s Red army wins the Civil War
that leaves 14 million dead.
► All farmland is distributed among the
peasants.
► Control of the factories to the workers.
► A state-controlled society is
established.
Lenin Restores Order
► NEP
– New Economic Policy, 1921.
► Russia is organized into several self-governing
republics under a national government.
► Russia is renamed Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics (USSR).
► Lenin moves the capital to Moscow in 1918
► Bolsheviks rename their party the Communist
Party.
► In 1922, Lenin suffered a stroke. He died in
1924.
► Buried in
Red Square.
Stalin Becomes Dictator
► Joseph
Stalin, “man of steel”, will climb to
lead the party upon Lenin’s death .
► By
1928, Russia’s farms and factories are
productive again.
► Stalin
Party.
is in total command of Communist
Totalitarianism
Definition:
A form of government in which the
national government takes total
control of all aspect of life, both
public and private.
Dynamic Leader
Police Terror
Propaganda
Totalitarianism
Censorship
Religious
Or
Ethnic Persecution
6 Key Traits of Totalitarianism
1.
Dynamic Leader
A leader who unites the people, persuasive,
devises methods to keep control, usually through
force, justifies their actions as beneficial for the
state
2. Police Terror
Secret police enforce the governments’
policies, no one allowed to criticize, people
always live in fear of imprisonment or death,
police intimidate people
3.
Indoctrination
Government shapes people’s minds
through slanted education. They control
what is taught. Children learn the virtues
of communism. “Brainwashed”
4. Censorship
Government controls all newspapers,
radios and television. All art is censored
unless it glorifies the state.
5.
Propaganda
Biased or incomplete information aimed
at making people accept certain beliefs,
opinions or actions. Mass communication
spreads propaganda information.
6. Religious or Ethnic Persecution
Ethnic minorities or religious groups
become “enemies of the state” and are
blamed for things that go wrong. Often no
religion allowed. Groups subjected to terror
and violence.
Totalitarian Leaders
in the 20th century
► Benito
► Joseph
1953
► Adolf
► Kim
Mussolini (Italy)
1925-1943
Stalin (Soviet Union)
Hitler (Germany)
1933-1945
IL Sung (North Korea)
► Saddam
Hussein (Iraq)
1929-
1948-1994
1979-2003
► Lenin’s
Joseph Stalin
successor
► Controlled not only the
government but also the economy
and citizen’s private lives.
► Created a police state: secret
police arrested and executed
anyone suspected of being a
traitor, no one safe, informers
everywhere
Stalin Controlled the Economy
► Command
Economy
the government makes all economic decisions,
allocating materials and workers for desired
production
► Five-Year
Plans
the government set 5-year quotas, resulted in
huge industrial growth but a shortage of consumer
goods (housing, food, clothing and other
necessary goods)
Collective farms
► the government seized privately owned farms to
create large government owned farms, produced
food for the state
* Peasants fought the taking of their land, especially the
Kulaks in the Ukraine. They will destroy their farms and
crops rather than give them up to the government
Stalin declared that Kulaks be liquidated, more than 3
million were shot or exiled.
Some 6 million more Soviets died from “artificial famine”
that resulted from the destruction of crops and animals.
genocide- The systematic and planned extermination of
an entire national, racial, political, or ethnic group.
Total Control
► By
mid-1930, Stalin had transformed the Soviet
Union into a totalitarian regime and a industrial
and political world power .
► People were better educated and skilled.
► Women gained rights, considered equals.
► But there were no personal freedoms, consumer
goods were in short-supply and dissent was
prohibited.
► An estimated 20 million people were killed under
Stalin.
Section 3:
Imperial China Collapses
► China
was ruled by Emperors,
each heading a Dynasty.
► They
were self-sufficient,
needing nothing from the outside
world.
► Unwilling
to trade with outsiders,
English traders found the one
item China did not have: Opium.
► Addicted
to this narcotic, China
was forced to open their doors to
outsiders.
► After
a period of imperialism, Chinese
people resented outsiders controlling its
trade and economic resources.
► They
will call for modernization and look
to establish a republic.
► Republic-
representative government
ruled by the people.
Nationalist Party - Kuomintang
► Believes
in
modernization and
nationalism.
► Sun
Yixian - First
leader of Nationalist
Party (1912)
► Builds
up army and
navy, constructed
new factories, and
reformed education.
Sun’s Goals
1.
Nationalism – put an end to
foreign control
2.
Democracy – representative
government, people hold the
power
3.
Economic security – build
industry to end dependence
on other countries
May Fourth Movement
► China
enters into WWI with the Allies hoping
to gain territories it had lost to Germany but
the Treaty of Versailles gave the land to
Japan.
► May
4, 1919 - 3,000 students protest the
agreement in Tiananmen Square.
► Many
are discouraged and turn to Marx
and Lenin for inspiration.
Communist China
► Mao
Zedong will form the
Chinese Communist Party.
► Unlike
Marx, he believes
the peasants would lead the
revolution.
► Initially
the Nationalist and
Communist groups will combine
but eventually they will break
apart.
► Jiang
Jieshi – Nationalist
Leader after Sun dies- 1925.
Formerly called Chiang Kai-shek
► The son of a banker, he opposes communism
and Mao.
► He promises democracy and political rights
to all Chinese.
► Many peasants turn to Communism seeing
no improvement under Jiang’s plan.
Civil War 1930-1938
► Communist
and nationalists troops will fight .
Communist: Mao Zedong
Nationalists: Jiang Jieshi
► Communists
are nearly wiped out but will
survive and return supported by Communist
Russia.
► Japan
Japan Invades China
invades Manchuria (1931)
► Seeing chaos in China, Japan launches an invasion
in 1937.
► Japan will bomb cities killing thousands.
► Destruction of farms will kill more from starvation.
► Nationalists and Communists will join forces to fight
Japan bringing a temporary halt to the civil war.
They will fight again following WWII.
Section 4:
Nationalism in India and
Southwest Asia
India
► Millions
of Indians enlisted in the
British army during WWI.
► The
British government had
promised reforms leading to selfrule.
► When
they did not, radical
nationalists acted out against
British rule.
Rowlatt Acts
►
To end protest, Britain would jail protestors for
up to two years without trial. They also banned
public meetings.
►
To Western educated Indians, denial of a trial by
jury violated their individual rights.
►
10,000 Muslims and Hindus marched to Amritsar
intending to fast and pray.
►
Amritsar Massacre: The British army opened
fire and over 400 Indians were killed, many more
wounded. (April 13, 1919)
►
Two groups form to rid India of foreign rule
Hindu – National Congress
Muslim – Muslim League
Mohandas Gandhi
► Educated
as a lawyer in
Britain, Gandhi will lead the
independence movement.
► He
saw nonviolence and civil
disobedience as a way to
achieve independence.
► Civil
Disobedience: the
deliberate and public refusal
to obey an unjust law.
Examples of civil disobedience
Boycott: refuse to buy British
goods, don’t attend British
schools or pay British taxes.
Weave own cloth. Boycott into
British economy and textile
industry.
► Peaceful marches and
demonstrations. All
demonstrators were arrested.
► Overcrowded jails, factories
closed, trains stopped.
► Gandhi leads hunger strikes.
►
The Salt March
Britain establishes that Indians must buy
their salt from government stores and pay tax
on it.
► Gandhi leads a 240 mile march to the sea to
collect his own salt.
► Demonstrators march to salt factories, beaten
by police officers. Worldwide attention given
to India’s fight for independence.
► By 1935, outside-world puts pressure on
Britain. Britain issues The Government of
India Act granting India some limited self-rule
but not independence.
► Tensions will mount between Hindus and
Muslims
►
India gets independence from
Great Britain
In August 1947
Was under British Rule for 89 yrs
Gandhi is assassinated January
30, 1948
The assassin, Nathuram Godse,
was a Hindu nationalist with
links to the extremists, who
held Gandhi responsible for
weakening India
Middle East
Turkey
Mustafa Kemel
► “The Father of Modern Turkey”, Turkish general
who overthrows the Ottoman sultan to become
president of the Republic of Turkey. (1923)
► Issued many reforms:
►
1)
2)
3)
4)
Separated church (Islam) and state
Created a legal system based on European law
Granted women right to vote and hold political office
Started government funded programs to industrialize
Turkey.
Persia becomes Iran
►
►
►
In 1935 following WWI, Persia will
unite nationally to create the nation of
Iran under Reza Shah Pahlavi.
He will establish schools,build roads
and railroads, industrialize and extend
women’s rights.
He established an authoritarian
government based on nationalism,
militarism, secularism and anticommunism combined with strict
censorship and state propaganda.
Saudi Arabia
► Arabia
will unite to become a strict Islamic
nation.
► It will be renamed Saudi Arabia after the
House or Family of Saud. (1932)
► Saudi Arabia’s government will be based on
custom, religion and family ties.
Oil Fields
► During
the 1920s and 1930s European and
American companies discovered large oil
deposits in Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia and
Kuwait.
► Geologists discovered that this area contains
two-thirds of the world’s known supply of oil.
► Because of huge oil profits, Western nations
tried to dominate this region
►http://www.pbs.org/wnet/
wideangle/shows/saudi/oil.
html
Post World War I
The Great
Depression
Post WWI
► Only
the United States
and Japan were in
sound financial shape.
► War-torn
Europe and
Asia would struggle to
rebuild their countries
with new
governments.
► Countries
were not
used to managing
without their
monarchs/ emperors/
czars.
► Coalition
governments - temporary
alliance of several parties. Many would try
democracy. Seldom lasted long.
► Too
many political parties would prevent
an effective government from taking
control. (Unstable)
► Frequent
changes in government create
instability.
The Weimar Republic
► Weimar
Republic – Germany’s new
government in 1919 following WWI

Weak because of many different political parties.
 Government
was blamed for postwar humiliation
caused by Treaty of Versailles.
 Germany's
depression
 America
reparation payments send Germany into
helps by giving financial loans to Germany.
(Dawes Plan- $200 million) 1924
A Worldwide Depression
Causes of the Depression
1. Unequal distribution of wealth
Rising productivity resulted in great wealth
but only for a small percent
 Most families earned less than $2000 and
couldn’t afford to make purchases.
 Store owners cut back on orders.
 Factories produced less and laid workers off.
(Cycle continues)

2. Crisis in Agriculture
American farmers produced more than
was able to be purchased. Farmers
couldn’t repay loans and lost their farms.
3. Credit
Consumers agreed to buy now and pay
later. Paying a small amount down and
taking a loan for the balance.
Great Depression

A long worldwide business slump
following a stock market crash in the
United States

October 29, 1929

“Black Tuesday”

Lasted from 1929-1940








30% unemployment
Banks and businesses failed worldwide
9 million people lost their savings
One-third of all workers lost their jobs
Government had to supply people with food
and shelter
President at the start of the Great Depression
was Herbert Hoover
1932 Franklin Roosevelt is elected President
New Deal- FDR’s economic reform program
designed to solve the problems created by the
Great Depression
SHANTY TOWN
FOOD LINE
Dust Bowl
Global Depression
► The
US forced to call in loans from around
the world.
► Investors withdrew their money from
Europe
► US created high tariffs for imported goods
causing the economies of other countries to
fail.
► Germany and Austria especially hard hit.