Transcript LectureCH15GlobalMedia

15
Global Media
Communication
Around The World
Media Ideals Around The
World
Four Theories of the Press (1956):
• written by Fred S. Siebert, Theodore Peterson, and
Wilbur Schramm
• four major forms of international press:




authoritarian
libertarian
Soviet/communist
social responsibility
Last Rights: Revisiting Four Theories of the Press:
 1995 book written by John Nerone
 update of earlier four theories
 argued four theories were not a timeless set of
categories
 saw them as a critique set within a particular time
period
A fifth theory?
 development theory
• Authoritarian theory
 oldest theory of the press
 role of the press is to be a servant of the
government
 control of the press is carried out by:
• giving permits to only certain printers
• prosecuting anyone who violates standards
• totalitarian governments (example in the1990s:
Serbian president Slobodan Milosevic)
• Communist Theory
 press is run by the government to serve the
government’s own needs
 only one valid political and social philosophy
 proposes the following principles:
• The media are an instrument of the government
and the Communist Party.
• The media should be closely tied to other
sources of government power.
• The media’s main purpose is to act as a tool for
government propaganda.
• Libertarian Theory
 Press belongs to the people and serves as an
independent observer of the government.
 It follows the basic ideals of the First Amendment to
the U.S. Constitution.
 It is based on the following principles:
• People want to know the truth and be guided by it.
• The only way to arrive at the truth is for ideas to be freely
and openly discussed.
• Different people will have different opinions, and
everyone must be allowed to develop their own.
• The most rational ideas will be the most accepted
 The functions of the press are to inform, entertain,
and advertise.
• Social Responsibility Theory
 while the press may be free from interference by the
government, it can still be controlled by corporate
interests
 press obliged to serve several social functions:
• provide the news and information needed to make the
political system work
• give the public the information needed for selfgovernance
• serve as an overseer of the government
• serve the economic function of bringing together buyers
and sellers through advertising
• provide entertainment
• be profitable enough to avoid outside pressures.
• Norms for the press in the twenty-first century
 development theory:
• addresses the special needs of emerging
nations
• governments may feel that they need to restrict
freedom of the press in order to promote
industry, national identity, and partnerships with
neighboring nations
Going Global—Media Standards
Around The World
• Alan Ward’s five dimensions of media rating:





control
finance
programming goals
target audience
feedback mechanism
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pn8hrcN1NMY
Canada
free press
patterned on
the United
States
U.S. media
tends to
overshadow
Canadian;
Canadian
radio must
be at least
35 %
domestic
Britain
broadcasting was
dominated by
state-run
monopolies up until
the 1980s.
public service and
cultural
preservation
priorities
Britain and BBC:
operates under a
public service
model
audience members
pay the cost of the
programming
(equipment
licensing fees)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C8Hr1z3
w4hM
 Internet not as pervasive
 increase in privately owned television stations
 newspapers tend to take an obvious political view
point
 newspaper readership worldwide highest in Europe
• facing declines
• Central and Latin
America
 broadcasting dominated by
North American, Mexican,
and Brazilian programming
 fewer language barriers
than other regions
 newspaper circulation has
been growing
http://www.televisa.com/progra
• 1,000 papers, 100
million readership
mas/noticieros-y-analisis/
Islamic Countries and the
Middle East
 straddle the fence
between social
responsibility and
authoritarian media
control
 controls on journalists
and content
 Al Hayat and AlJazeera
 satellite and Internet
and “small media”
allowing bypass of
control
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vPbamN4v2Mc
HTTP://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/USER/ALJAZEERAENGLISH?BL
END=1&OB=4
 Professor Kai Hafez’s
three types of press in
the Arab world:
• mobilized
• loyalist
• diverse
• The importance of “small” media
 fax machines, photocopy machines, video cameras,
computers, and the Internet
 provide for a range of voices
 Internet allows for wider expression
 size and availability make control difficult
• Television in the Islamic World




heavy government control
varied availability
Saudi Arabian network (1960s)
little known about Saudi viewer habits
• 1995 survey—63 percent had access to satellite
programming
• Al-Jazeera
 broadcast via satellite from Qatar since 1997
 only 10 percent of all Arabs with satellite TV never
watch it
 committed to presenting an Arab view of the world
 founded by Sheik Hamad bin Khalifa al-Thani
 started after failed Arabic-language BBC project
Africa
 prime example of
development media
theory
 early media covered
white settlers only
 newspapers found in
large cities
• circulation limited by
poverty and illiteracy
http://www.youtube.com/watch
?v=BxIAJQpVNc4
 radio is the most
important medium
 Television and Internet
limited
 no major newspapers
are published in
African languages
 more languages
spoken than any other
continent
South Africa
 South African
Broadcasting
Corporation
 committee of lawyers
and media
professionals regulate
the broadcast industry
 .seven different
languages
 source of inspiration
for Western pop music
• township jive
• artists have recorded
with Western artists
Russia and the former Soviet
republics
 under communism, no ideal of an independent press
 control continues even after 1991 fall of Soviet Union
• most media owned by private, pro-government business
people
 Moscow—twenty daily and weekly newspapers
Russia
 zakazukha—selling
articles to highest
bidder
 some papers supports
the boss’s political
agenda
 television is the most
important medium
• few can afford
newspapers
• http://www.artn.tv/
India
http://www.youtube.com/w
atch?v=iDa0CKy1fTU
 40 percent of India’s
households have television
sets
 40 percent read
newspapers
 120 million of 220 million
households have a radio
 newspapers are big
industry
 All India Radio (AIR)
dominant radio source
China
 role of the media is to
promote public policies
 all media are
controlled by the
government
 .”
http://www.youtube.com/watch
?v=y7gH-HEiMJM
 Kenneth Petress on
Chinese media:
• “Propaganda is not a
dirty word in China; it
is a respected public
service profession
http://www.youtube.com/watch
?v=x7qj6yRcqXQ
 American policy
helped shape
Japanese media after
World War II
 NHK is Japan’s public
broadcasting
corporation
 Balance between
commercial and public
broadcasting
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A9KHylRrwSQ&feature
=PlayList&p=9ACBC1879B0A0AD0&playnext=1&playnex
t_from=PL&index=19
• manga, or comic
books, are the most
popular magazines:
 account for 40 percent
of all books and
magazines
 growing in popularity
in the United States
Dangers to Journalists:
 In 2006 worldwide 55
journalists were killed
• 32 of them were in
Iraq (4 combatrelated, 28 murdered)
 ABC News anchor
Bob Woodruff injured
 hostage-taking
increasing
 fear of reprisals
discouraging
journalistic coverage in
danger spots
Woodruff
• Marshall McLuhan’s
Global Village:
electronic media help
people live and
interact globally
 Ken Auletta:
• perhaps not just one single wired global village
• perhaps hundreds or thousands of global villages
 W. Russell Neuman:
• just because we have access, people may choose to
ignore it