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Images and Reality Images and Reality Images and Reality Images and Reality Journalists should not manipulate images and sound to mislead readers and misrepresent subjects. Journalism Ethics “Journalism, like most professions, developed a set of business practices first, then endowed those practices with a set of impressive professional rationalizations, and finally proceeded to rewrite its history in ways that made the practices seem to emerge, as if through immaculate conception, from an inspiring set of professional ideals.” - W. Lance Bennett, News: The Politics of Illusion American Journalism of first 100 years was preprofessional Charles Dana, 1888 Get the news, get all the news, get nothing but the news. Copy nothing from another publication without perfect credit. Never print an interview without the knowledge and consent of the party interviewed. Never print a paid advertisement as news-matter. Let every advertisement appear as an advertisement; no sailing under false colors. Never attack the weak or defenseless, either by argument, by invective or by ridicule, unless there is some absolute public necessity for so doing. Fight for your opinions but do not believe that they contain the whole truth or the only truth. Support your party, if you have one; but do not think all the good men are in it and all the bad ones outside it. Above all, know and believe that humanity is advancing; that there is progress in human life and human affairs; and that, as sure as God lives, the future will be greater and better than the present or the past. Clinton/Lewinsky Scandal Important for two reasons: Broke and concluded on Internet Affected traditional journalism behavior Committee of Concerned Journalists study: “Mixed Media Culture” Sources gaining power over journalists Decline of gatekeeping function The news of the day as it reaches the newspaper office is an incredible medley of fact, propaganda, rumor, suspicion, clues, hopes, and fears, and the task of selecting and ordering that news is one of the truly sacred and priestly offices in a democracy. - Walter Lippmann, Liberty and the News, 1920 Reporting culture is being overrun by argument culture http://www.cnn.com/video/#/video/crime/2009/01/ 12/pn.teacher.accused.rape.cnn Amateur Journalism? Knights for Free Water http://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=5818109257 Bright House stadium debut Big event, tons of media coverage No water fountains Bottled water sold out, concessions sold $3 for a cup of tap water Several fans went to hospital for dehydration/heat exhaustion 2 students started a Facebook group from the stands 2 days later, 10 drinking fountains announced with 40 more to come Pew Stats Cell Phones 83% of American adults have cell phones 35% of American adults have smartphones 76% of cell users take photos 72% of cell users use SMS (text) 51% of cell users use phone for information 42% of cell users use phone for entertainment 13% of cell users report pretending to use a cell phone to avoid physical interaction Gadgets Social Networking 72% of Americans (72% of Internet users) belong to a social networking platform average age increased from 33 to 38 in 2011 half SNS users are over 35 70% of men, 74% of women are SNS users 92% of SNS users are on Facebook 29% use MySpace (2011, and falling) 18% use LinkedIn (2011, and growing) 13% use Twitter (2011, and growing) Who USES Twitter is also who CAN BE REACHED by Twitter Generational Values “Classic” News Values Truth Context Verification Motivation to Action Fairness Accuracy Relevance Transparency Independence/Critical Distance Timeliness Watchdog function Generational Values “Modern” News Values Entertainment Profit Immediacy Easy access Expedient Decisions Celebrity focus Novelty Access to Influence Competition Larger audience = Authority Youth-centric Emotionalism = truth High-quality visuals and sounds Sex appeal Violence Cute Generational Values Millennial Values Humor Novelty Connections to one another Collectivism Speed Emotionalism (Outrage) Entertainment Customization Power (through collective) Independence (from oversight) Egalitarian information Timeliness Volunteerism