Transcript Opposition to the Regimes - bedstone

Opposition to the Regimes
Secret Police
• Worked alongside ordinary Police
• ‘Third Section’Replaced by Okhrana
• 1880s to 1917: Used for spying, arresting and
imprisoning and/or exiling opposition.
• 1914-1917 focus on wartime security
• The Cheka
• The All Russian Extraordinary Commission for fighting
counter revolution and sabotage
• Shift towards clamping down on groups considered to
be bourgeois and counter revolutionary
• Victimise people because of who they were, not their
actions
• “your first duty is to ask him to which class he belongs,
what are his origins, his education and his occupation.
These questions should decide the fate of the
prisoner”
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Execution of the Romanov family without trial
Red Terror
Use of Labour camps
Cheka disbanded after Civil War
OGPU: United State Police Administration,
under control of the CPSU
• People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs
(NKVD) Beria in charge
• Permanent form of terror
• Intensity and rigour of gathering evidence
• Gulags: over 40 million people
• Purged 20,000 of its own members!
• MGB: Ministry for State Security and Ministry
of Internal Affairs MVD (basically same as
NKVD)
The Army
• Purpose?
-Fight
-Crush strikes and riots
-Win a civil war
-Prestige
-Follow policy
-Enforce policy
Army in 1855
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1.4 million men
Mostly forced serf conscripts
25 years service
Officer class from the nobility
Alex II’s military reforms
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1859: period of service now 15 years
1863: Brutal corporal punishments removed
Military schools made open to all, not just nobles
In 1874, conscription extended to all groups
Russification: peace keeping role on borders
But: Bribery to doctors to declare you “unfit”
continued
1905-1917
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Period of strikes, riots, protests
Put down by the Army
WWI: failure led to desertion
MRC: Military Revolutionary Committee,
encouraged soldiers to join.
Red Army
• 5 million
• Whites approx 500,000
• Red Army and Cheka had to enforce War
Communism
• 1921 Konstadt sailors mutinied
Army under Stalin
• Stalin used the Army to enforce economic policy:
collectivisation
• Great Terror
• Purge of the Army
• In WWII: ‘fight to the last drop of blood’
• NKVD was used to crush small about of civil
unrest
• Army reduced from 3.6 million to 2.4 million after
the war
Censorship
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Alex II: policy of openness or glasnost
Daily newspapers, foreign press
1872 Karl Marx Das Kapital published
More books published than in USA and Britain
combined by 1894
• BUT government had the right to withdraw
publications that are dangerous
• Under Nicholas II
• Expansion of press in particular that aimed
towards the proletariat
• Reporting of the Duma
• Rasputin referred to as ‘dark forces near the
throne’
• During WWI: censorship
• 1917 abolish press freedom to stop counter
revolutionaries
• ‘Agitation and Propaganda Department
(Agitprop) 1921’ Russian culture
• Under Stalin:
• All literacy groups closed down
• All work had to be produced under the banner
of ‘socialist realism’ struggle of ordinary
people
• Desire to promote the ‘New Soviet Man’
• Faked photographs
• Under Khrushchev CHANGE to Stalin
• But SIMILAR to Alex II and Nic II
• Number of books published were double that
of 1920s
• Variety of newspapers
Propaganda
• Only really after 1905
• Nic II promoted his
image through
portraits
• During WWI increase
circulation of pictures
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Under the communists
‘Peace, bread and land’
‘Power to the soviets’
‘Things that must be done’
‘Stalin is the Lenin of today’
Cult of personality: Petrograd to Leningrad
Youth organisations (pioneers)
Films, newspapers, Hero’s : Stakhanov