Transcript Ag Mech II
Ag Mech II Construction Unit F Identifying Blueprint Terms and Symbols • Different types of lines are used to indicate different things on a drawing. • A dark solid line is used for the border, and a thinner solid line is used as an object line. • A series of dashes is used to show a hidden line. • A leader line is a solid line with an arrow that has words such as “vinyl siding” or “metal siding” in front of the line and arrow. Blueprint Terms and Symbols Continued… • Dimension lines have a line with an arrow on the right side of the dimension. • Scale shows how much actual building dimension is represented by what measurement on the drawing. – Ex. ¼” = 1’-0” Blueprints to Plan Layout and Framing • A blueprint has a legend that shows the meaning of different symbols. • Two-dimensional drawings are usually used and may have one or all of the following views: – Site plan is like an aerial of the location and what is on it. – Plan view is the same as the floor plan. – Elevation views show the front, back, left side, and tight side of the building. Plan Layout and Framing Continued… -Sectional view shows what would be seen if the building were cut in two to show a cross section of the wall. - Detail view shows special features on a larger scale so that it can be seen easier. - Auxiliary drawings show such things as plumbing, electrical, framing, foundation, and doors and windows. Plan Layout and Framing Continued… • If each side of a building is different, four views (one for each side) are needed by a builder. Builder’s Level, Tripod, and Laser Level • The three types of leveling instruments used in agriculture are: – Builder’s level is used to sight level lines and to lay out or measure angle only in the horizontal plane. – Level-transit can be used to lay out vertical lines as well as horizontal lines. – Laser beam level uses an electronic laser level transmitter unit. Level, Tripod, and Laser Level Continued… • When a tripod is set up, it should be set up so that it looks level and is steady, not shaky. • The leveling rod should be held straight up to get an accurate measurement. • To set up a tripod and builder’s level, these steps should be followed: – Loosen the wing nuts and spread tripod legs 3 feet to 4 feet apart. – Push tripod legs firmly into the ground. Level, Tripod, and Laser Level Continued… - Adjust tripod legs so that tripod head looks level. - Tighten all wing nuts. - Remove level from case and handle by the base. - Attach instrument to tripod. - Adjust leveling screws so that bubble is centered between centering marks of leveling vial. Level, Tripod, and Laser Level Continued… - Rotate telescope 90 degrees and repeat step 7 above. - Rotate telescope 90 degrees back to original position, recheck, and adjust screws as needed to level. - Rotate telescope to any position to check for level. Level, Tripod, and Laser Level Continued… • When the signal is seen or heard from the middle sensor on the rod, the instrument person knows that the laser receiver unit is on the same grade. • For accuracy, the leveling vial of a level should be checked before and after each reading. • To lay out square corners, the telescope is turned so that the angel of each corner is 90 degrees. Laying Out a building Using the 3-4-5 Method • The 3-4-5 method of laying out a building uses the principle of a right triangle to square the corners and obtain dimensions. • The procedure for laying out a building using the 3-4-5 method includes these steps: – Stake out a baseline. – Set front corner stake A on baseline. – Measure the building length form stake A and set stake B. Laying Out a building Using the 3-4-5 Method Continued… - Measure 3 feet form stake B down baseline and set a temporary stake. - Measure 4 feet from stake B toward new corner C and 5 feet from temporary stake to the location where 4 feet and 5 feet measurements meet and set a second temporary stake. - Measure the width of building along this new line and set the third corner stake C. Laying Out a building Using the 3-4-5 Method Continued… - Measure building length from stake C, measure building width from stake A, and place stake D where the two measurements meet. - Check both diagonals from opposite corners to see that they are equal. If not equal, move corner stakes until both diagonals are equal to make layout corners square. Laying Out a building Using the 3-4-5 Method Continued… • If two measurements are 30’ and 40’, the other measurement would be 50’ to make a square corner. If the two measurement are 18’ and 24’, then the other measurement would be 30’, a 3-4-5 ratio. • To check the layout of a square of a square or rectangular building to be sure it is square, the two diagonal measurements must be equal to each other. Laying Out a building Using the 3-4-5 Method Continued… • This is just one of the methods that can be used to lay out a building. • If the layout of a building is not square, then the building will not be square problems throughout the construction. Identifying Terms and Materials • Rafters, joists, sills, and studs are parts of the framing of a wood building. • Sills are large pieces of lumber that rest on the foundation of a building. • Joists are usually 2” x 6” or larger pieces of lumber. There are floor joists and ceiling joists. • The sole plate is a horizontal framing piece of lumber that rests on top of the sub-floor. The top plate is on top of the studs. Identifying Terms/Materials Cont. • Studs are vertical framing materials that connect to the sold plate on the bottom an the top plate at the top. • Rafters are the pieces of lumber at top that slant according to the pitch or slope of the roof. • The incline or slant to a roof is the pitch or sl9ope and may be shown as a % or as 4-12, 612, etc. Identifying Terms/Materials Cont. • Most framing materials are 2” thick and 4”, 6” 8”, 10”, or 12” wide. They form the skeleton or frame to support the building. Calculating Rafter Lengths and Angles • A framing square has rafter tables and can be used to find the unit length and angels of rafters. • Books and manuals have rafter tables, also. • If a rafter tables is not available, the stepping method can be used to lay out a rafter. • A speed square can also be used to lay out a rafter. Calculating Rafter Lengths and Angles • To mark a plumb cut on a rafter, 12” is located on the framing square blade, and the rise number is located on the tongue. Example: for a 6-12 pitch, 6 is the rise number. • The unit length is from the top of the rafter to the edge of the wall. Total length includes unit length plus the tail or overhang of the rafter. • It is important that the layout of rafters be correct so that the roof will be even. Procedures for Cutting and Installing Framing • In conventional or “stick built” buildings, the rafters and other roof framing are built on site. • Trusses are built off-site and erected so that the rafter, braces, and other roof framing are erected in one piece. • Two methods of framing are platform and balloon. Most buildings use platforms framing because the sub floor gives a platform to stand on while adding the framing parts above it. Procedures for Cutting and Installing Framing Continued… • Wall studs are nailed to the sole plate at the bottom and to the top plate at the top. Procedures for Cutting and Installing Framing Continued… • Metal anchors are used to strengthen the attachment of framing parts to each other so that toe nailing is reduced or eliminated. Toe nailing has a tendency to split lumber and is difficult to do because nails are driven at angles. Metal anchors used to connet rafters are called hurricane ties. Joist hangers are used to connect floor joists and to eliminate the need for ledgers which would have to be cut and installed to support the floor joists. Procedures for Cutting and Installing Framing Continued… • Short studs installed on each side of a door or a window are trimmer studs and need a header. Studs installed above and below a door or window are cripple studs. • The number on the blade of a framing square represents the run, and the number on the tongue represents the rise of a rafter. Procedures for Cutting and Installing Framing Continued… • Measuring, marking, cutting, and attaching framing materials should be done accurately so that the building will have the correct dimensions. Framing a Wood Building • Before construction begins, the builder should study the building plans. • When platform framing is used, a building is framed from the bottom to the top. • When balloon framing is used, there is no sub floor or platform to stand on. It is also difficult to find lumber long enough to make studs for a two story building. • Most framing lumber is 2” thick. Framing a Wood Building Cont... • Sills are the first part of the framing to be installed. • In platform framing, floor joists are attached to a header which is attached on top of sills. • In platform framing, the sole plate is attached on top of the sub floor which is attached to the top of the floor joists. Framing a Wood Building Cont... • In platform framing, the wall studs are nailed to the top plate and the sole plate. The plates should be the same width as the studs. • In platform framing, the rafter is attached to the top plate. • If a warped board is used, the “crown” should be up. • Metal framing anchors such as hurricane ties are used to anchor rafters to the top plate and to keep wood from splitting from toe nailing. Framing a Wood Building Cont... • Total rafter length includes the unit length plus the tail or overhang. -Ex. Unit length is 110” plus overhang is 14” making a total rafter length of 124 • In a standard height building that uses pre-cut studs, the headers of standard size doors will usually need to be doubled 2” x 10” lumber. Framing a Wood Building Cont... • Accuracy in measuring, marking, cutting, and fastening framing materials is necessary to construct a building that is square, plumb, and has the right dimensions. • Safety rules and procedures should always be followed. • If the local building codes require permits, they should be obtained before construction begins. Pipe Tools, Types of Pipe, Fixtures, and Supplies • Pipe tools vary considerably depending on the type of pipe used. Cast iron, steel, and galvanized steel pipe require pipe wrenches, pipe cutters, pipe threaders, pipe vises, and other tools. PVC pipe requires fewer tools such as hack saw, glue, etc. Copper pipe requires soldering tools. Pipe Tools, Types of Pipe, Fixtures, and Supplies Cont… • Types of pipe include: - Galvanized steel - Cast iron - Black steel - Copper - PVC and other plastics Pipe Tools, Types of Pipe, Fixtures, and Supplies Cont… • Fixtures are the things that attach to plumbing pipes. • Supplies include pipe putty, PVC adhesives, clamps, cutting oil, etc. • A short piece of metal pipe threaded on each end is a nipple. • Coupling connect two pieces of pipe the same diameter. Principles/Procedures of Maintaining/Repairing Pipes/Fixtures/Water Systems. • The same type and size pipe and fittings as the originals are usually used to make repairs. However, there are repair materials that permit joining different types and sizes. • Bushings and reducers can be used to connect different sizes of pipe. • If a pipe has a small leak, a rubber blanket with adjustable hose clamps can be used to make temporary repairs. Principles/Procedures of Maintaining/Repairing Pipes/Fixtures/Water Systems. Continued… • If a threaded pipe is leaking around the threads, unscrewing the pipe or coupling, cleaning, applying pipe putty, and tightening the fittings will usually stop the leak unless there is a split or a hole in the pipe or fitting. • Plastic pipe is usually economical, lightweight, and easy to install or repair. Principles/Procedures of Maintaining/Repairing Pipes/Fixtures/Water Systems. Continued… • Joining PVC pipe requires the pipe glue or adhesive be applied to the outside of the pipe and to the inside of the coupling. • Some plastic pipes cannot be used for hot weather, and some can. Be certain before purchasing. • If a compression faucet still drips when closed, it can usually be repaired be replacing the washer. Maintaining/Repairing Pipes/Fixtures/Water Systems • Black plastic polyethylene pipe is connected by using a tapered slide on metal or plastic connector and two hose clamps, one on each end of the pipe. • Copper tubing is connected to a bell-shaped fitting by flaring the soft copper tubing. • When PVC pipe is glued, it should be allowed to set for about 15 seconds to allow curing. Maintaining/Repairing Pipes/Fixtures/Water Systems Cont… • To repair a water hose, a repair kit is purchased and installed. If the end that screws on the faucet needs to be replaced, a female end should be purchased. If the other end of the hose needs to be replaced, a male end should be purchased. If the hose is broken or cut in the middle, a hose connecter fit should be purchased. Maintaining/Repairing Pipes/Fixtures/Water Systems Cont… • Maintaining an underground lawn irrigation system will mostly require cleaning and replacing sprinkler heads unless a pipe breaks. Principles and Procedures for Constructing Fences • Fences should be selected based on the purpose for which they will be used. Some are for looks, privacy, security, keeping animals, etc. • Fences may be constructed of wood, wire, plastics, and other materials. • Wood fences should be treated wood or wood types that will withstand outdoor conditions. Treated wood will usually last longer than most types of untreated wood. Principles and Procedures for Constructing Fences Continued... • Corner posts and gate posts should be larger than line posts. (Do not join all on the same post.) • Electric wire fences are usually temporary fences. • Fences around barns and homes are usually made of wood boards. • The type fence used for both large and small farm animals is woven wire fence. Principles and Procedures for Constructing Fences Continued... • Barbed wire fence is usually used for larger animals such as cattle. • Fence posts should be solid in the ground before fences are attached. Good bracing is necessary in corners and at the end of fences. The End Have a Nice Day!