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LE-CORBUSIER
ARCHITECT LE-CORBUSIER
Undoubtedly one of the greatest architectural minds of
the 20th century, his unique approach using reinforced
concrete, separated him from ordinary architects of his
time.
In 1943 Le Corbusier applied a similar
interdisciplinary approach to developing
"Modulor", a system of quantity,
based on the male figure and the
Golden Mean, used to determine the
proportions of units in architecture
and technology.
This was also the foundation of Le
Corbusier's work in furniture design.
Le Corbusier was born on October 6, 1887 in
the town of La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland.
Although born Swiss, he lived most of his life
in France.
 He trained as an engraver and goldsmith
but, from 1904, he began his studies in
architecture.
ABOUT
UNDERSTANDING MODULAR DESIGN
• Modular design, or modularity in design is an
approach that subdivides a system into smaller parts
that can be independently created and then used in
different systems to drive multiple functionalities.
ABOUT MODULAR DESIGN
APPROACH
This system is
based on three
aspects:
human
measurements
LE-MODULAR
Le Corbusier
developed the
Modulor between
1943 and 1955 in
an era which was
already displaying
widespread
fascination with
mathematics as a
potential source of
universal truths.
the Fibonacci
numbers
the golden
ratio
APPROACH
HUMAN MEASUREMENT
•Le Corbusier created the Modulor following
the steps of Vitruvius, Leonardo da Vinci's
Vitruvian Man, the work of Leone Battista
Alberti, and other attempts to discover
mathematical proportions in the human body
and then to use that knowledge to improve
architecture.
•"Vetruvio, architect, puts in his work on
architecture that the measurements of man are
in nature distributed in this manner, that is:
•a palm is four fingers
•a foot is four palms
•a cubit is six palms
•four cubits make a man
•a pace is four cubits
•a man is 24 palms
•and these measurements are in his buildings"
VITRUVIAN MAN
FIBONACCI NUMBERS
THE
FIBONACCI
NUMBERS
are a sequence of
numbers where the
first number of the
sequence is 0, the
second number is 1,
and each subsequent
number is equal to
the sum of the
previous
two
numbers
of
the
sequence itself.
FIBONACCI SPIRAL
GOLDEN RATIO
THE GOLDEN RATIO
(1.618)
Two quantities are in
the golden ratio if the
ratio between the sum
of those quantities and
the larger one is the
same as the ratio
between the larger one
and the smaller.
a+b =
a
a
b
GOLDEN RATIO
LE MODULOR



Le Corbusier explicitly used
the
golden ratio in
his Modulor system for
the scale of architectural
proportion.
The
Modulor
is
an anthropometric scale of
proportions devised by him.
ARM UPRAISED
It is based on the height of
an English man with his
arm raised
•The graphic representation of
the Modular is a stylized
human figure with one arm
upraised standing next to two
vertical measurements.
VERTICAL MEASUREMENTS
LE MODULOR
ARCHITECTURAL IMPLIMENTATION
CHANDIGARH
ARCHITECTURAL IMPLIMENTATION
CHANDIGARH
ARCHITECTURAL IMPLIMENTATION
Notre Dame du Haute
Unite the
habitation
OTHER EXAMPLES
INTRODUCTION: VILLA SAVOYE,POISSY- FRANCE 1929-31
Located in a suburb near Paris
Architect-le corbusier
Constructed-1929-1931
Introduction
INTRODUCTION: VILLA SAVOYE,POISSY- FRANCE 1929-31
villa savoye is related to the whole range of le corbusier’s architecture and urban
planning
it is situated on smoothly sloping hill top in midst of fields
it illustrates with extreme clarity and is perhaps the most faithful in its observation of hi
five points i.e pilotis, roof garden, free floor plan , elongated window, and free façade
grid is followed
golden propotions are analysed
columns of the buildings are defined by a system of walls independent of structure
entry to the property is through a gate at one end of high stone wall
Introduction
VILLA SAVOYE,POISSY- FRANCE 1929-31
Le Corbusier used the golden ratio in his Modulor system for the
scale of architectural proportion.
He saw this system as a continuation of the long tradition of
Vitruvius, Leonardo da Vinci's "Vitruvian Man", the work of Leon
Battista Alberti, and others who used the proportions of the
human body to improve the appearance and function of
architecture.
In addition to the golden ratio, Le Corbusier based the system on
human measurements, Fibonacci numbers, and the double unit.
IDEOLOGY
THE PILOTIS
ROOF GARDEN
FREE FLOOR PLAN
ELONGATED WINDOW
FREE FACADE
FIVE POINTS OF ARCHITECTURE:
Le Corbusier's Five Points of Architecture are best summed up in his work "Villa Savoye".
1) Raised Structure: The bulk of the structure is elevated from the ground and is supported
by "pilotis", or, reinforced concrete stilts. These stilts provide the structural support for the
dwelling.
2) A Free Facade: the stilts that support the structure allow for non-supporting walls that
can assist the archietct's design as he sees fit.
3) Open Floor Plan: like the free facade, the open floor plan is made possible by the system
of supporting stilts. This open space was free for the architect to configure into rooms or to
re-purpose to fit a certain design.
4) Ribbon Windows: The second floor of the Villa Savoye includes long strips of ribbon
windows that allow unencumbered views of the large surrounding yard. These strips of
elongated windows allowed for impressive views of the exterior and let in a great amount
of natural light.
5) Rooftop Garden: The idea of the rooftop garden was to replace the green area that had
been consumed by the building's footprint and to transplant it to the roof of the building.,
and which constitute the fourth point of his system. The fifth point was the roof garden to
compensate for the green area consumed by the building and replacing it on the roof.
Modular proportions in Villa savoye
Le Corbusier also put the
concept of golden section
into the facades, using
baseline of 12 degrees to
determine the rule of
dividing the main parts as
well as the slope of the
central ramp, the positions of
bar windows, the sizes of the
window-pane, the width of
the roadway, etc
Modular proportions in Villa savoye
VIEW FROM OUTSIDE
VIEW FROM INSIDE
SECOND LEVEL WITH
ROOF GARDEN
LIVING AREA
ABOUT 1/3RD OF THE
SPACE IS OCCUPIED BY
THE ROOF TERRACE
RAMP TOWARDS TERRACE
ELONGATED WINDOWS
LIVING ROOM OPENING TOWARDS
TERRACE (INTERIORS)
MILL OWNERS ASSOCIATION BUILDING
location
Ahmedabad
function
auditorium, meeting
room, office

A ceremonial ramp makes for a grand approach into a triple-height entrance hall.

Arrival is on the first floor, where the executives’ offices and boardroom are located
MILL OWNERS ASSOCIATION BUILDING
MILL OWNERS ASSOCIATION BUILDING
 The interior arrangements take full
advantage of prevailing winds.
 the roof is used together with bar
for evening entertainment.

the assembly hall is constructed of
double thin brick walls panelled in
wood.
 either random or concrete seating 2
vertical tapestries are suspended
from the ceiling for acoustical
purposes.
 the hall is indirectly lighted by
reflections from the curved ceiling,
which in turn is kept cool by 2
gardens and a water basin on the
roof.
MILL OWNERS ASSOCIATION BUILDING
MILL OWNERS ASSOCIATION BUILDING
Plan
MILL OWNERS ASSOCIATION BUILDING
Building characteristic

The ground floor houses the work spaces
of the clerks and a separate, single-storey
canteen at the rear.
 On the third floor is auditorium with a roof
canopy and a curved, enclosing wall, in
addition to a generous lobby.
 The east and west façades are in the form of
sun breakers , one of Corbusier’s many
formal inventions.

while avoiding harsh sun, permit visual
connection and air movement.`
MILL OWNERS ASSOCIATION BUILDING
 On the second floor of the Mill Owners’
Building, the lobby is treated as “an open
space defined by harsh, angular forms.
 And the auditorium as an enclosed space
delineated by soft, curvilinear forms.
 Facades made of rough shuttered concrete,
the north and south sides, built in rough
brickwork, are almost unbroken.
MILL OWNERS ASSOCIATION BUILDING
MILL OWNERS ASSOCIATION BUILDING
UNITE D’HABITATION
Architect: Le Corbusier
Location: Marseilles, France
Project Year: 1947-1952
Area: 386,130 sq.ft
units: 366
UNITE D’HABITATION
After World War II, the need for housing was at an
unprecedentedly high. The Unite d’ Habitation in
Marseille, France was the first large scale project
for the famed architect, Le Corbusier.
Completed in 1952, the Unite d’ Habitation was the
first of a new housing project series for Le
Corbusier that focused on communal living for all
the inhabitants to shop, play, live, and come
together in a “vertical garden city.”
Le Corbusier used his system of golden ratio in the
Marseilles Unite D'Habitation in the general plan
and section, the front elevation, plan and section of
the apartment, in the woodwork, the wall, the roof
and some prefabricated furniture.
GOLDEN RATIO IN ELEVATION
The elevation of the building is approximately two descending golden ratio
rectangles resting side by side. The boundaries of the individual units and the
openings to the balconies are also perfectly influenced by the golden ratio
rectangle.
GOLDEN RATIO IN INDIVIDUAL PLANS
Section of Unité d'Habitation
Floor Plan of Unité d'Habitation
ARRANGEMENT OF BLOCKS
Reinforced concrete framing
with model of relationship of
individual units to the larger
organization.
The apartment block is a large rectangular structure of reinforced concrete, 17
storeys high and sitting on massive pilotis. It houses just over 1,600 people. Its 337
apartments are of 23 types, accommodating from one or two up to about eight. Le
Corbusier himself described the structure as like a huge rack into which apartments
slot like drawers.
MATERIALS
The Unité
introduced the
world to raw
concrete - béton
brut - with its
texture defined by
the wooden planks
shaping it when it
was pour.
It is specially build up to human scale and also emphasize the beauty of using bare concrete.
Le Corbusier compare the bare concrete of the Unité to human skin, which shows it age and
character it flaws.
STRUCTURE
17 storeys high and sitting on massive pilotis.
houses over 1,600 people.
Its 366 apartments are of 23 types,
accommodating from one or two up to about
eight.
Room heights within each apartment are (a
very low) 2.4 m/ 7'5" and (a very high) 4.8 m/
15'9".
On the roof are sculpted ventilation shafts and
facilities for a crèche, paddling pool and
gymnasium.
Another notably 'sculptural' feature is the
staircase at one end of the block.
Decoratively, the board-faced concrete finish is
relieved by little else than a system of red, blue,
yellow and green colored squares
STRUCTURE
Common roof spaces
Another interesting aspect of the dwelling unit is to use the roof as a function, being
one of the areas of greatest vitality.
Included:
 an athletics track, 300 meters
 covered gym
 a club
 nursing
 kindergarten
 social space.
INTERIOR
Interior
passage
way
INTERIOR