Transcript ENERGY EFFICIENT HOMES Air / Vapor Retarders Regardless of

Mk. LANDUSE PLANNING
Soemarno- ppsub 2 maret 2013
ENERGY EFFICIENT HOMES
APS Mold Inspection Service can check the insulation,
windows, attic and many other areas to make sure that you
have the facts on where you are loosing heat. There are many
ways to make a energy efficient home.
Designing and building an energy-efficient home that conforms to
the many considerations faced by home builders can be a
challenge. However, any house style can be made to require
relatively minimal amounts of energy to heat and cool, and be
comfortable and healthy.
It's easier now to get your architect and builder to use improved
designs and construction methods.
Even though there are many different design options available,
they all have several things in common: a high R-value, tightly
sealed thermal envelope; controlled ventilation; and lower than
usual heating and cooling bills.
ENERGY EFFICIENT HOMES
Some designs are more expensive to build than others, but
none of them need to be extremely expensive to construct.
Recent technological improvements in building elements and
construction techniques, and heating, ventilation, and
cooling systems, allow most modern energy saving ideas to
be seamlessly integrated into any type of house design
without sacrificing comfort, health, or aesthetics.
The following is a discussion of the major elements of energyefficient home design and construction systems.
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ENERGY EFFICIENT HOMES
The Thermal Envelope
A "thermal envelope" is everything about the house that serves
to shield the living space from the outdoors. It includes the
wall and roof assemblies, insulation, windows, doors,
finishes, weather-stripping, and air/vapor retarders.
Specific items to consider in these areas are described
below.
Wall and Roof Assemblies
There are several alternatives to the conventional "stick" (wood
stud) framed wall and roof construction now available and
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growing in popularity. They include:
ENERGY EFFICIENT HOMES
Optimum Value Engineering (OVE)
This is a method of using wood only where it does the most work, thus
reducing costly wood use and saving space for insulation. However,
workmanship must be of the highest order since there is very little room
for construction errors.
Structural Insulated Panels (SIP)
These are generally plywood or oriented strand board (OSB) sheets
laminated to a core of foam board. The foam may be 4 to 8 inches thick.
Since the SIP acts as both the framing and the insulation, construction
is much faster than OVE or it's older counterpart "stick-framing." The
quality of construction is often superior too since there are fewer places
for workers to make mistakes.
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ENERGY EFFICIENT HOMES
Insulation
An energy-efficient house has much higher insulation R-values than
required by most local building codes.
For example, a typical house in New York State might have haphazardly
installed R-11 fiberglass insulation in the exterior walls and R-19 in the
ceiling, and the floors and foundation walls may not be insulated.
A similar, but well-designed and constructed house's insulation levels
would be in the range of R-20 to R-30 in the walls (including the
foundation) and R-50 and R-70 in the ceilings.
Carefully applied fiberglass batt or roll, wet-spray cellulose, or foam
insulations will fill wall cavities completely.
ENERGY EFFICIENT HOMES
Insulation
An energy-efficient house has much higher insulation R-values than
required by most local building codes.
For example, a typical house in New York State might have haphazardly
installed R-11 fiberglass insulation in the exterior walls and R-19 in the
ceiling, and the floors and foundation walls may not be insulated.
A similar, but well-designed and constructed house's insulation levels
would be in the range of R-20 to R-30 in the walls (including the
foundation) and R-50 and R-70 in the ceilings.
Carefully applied fiberglass batt or roll, wet-spray cellulose, or foam
insulations will fill wall cavities completely.
ENERGY EFFICIENT HOMES
Air / Vapor Retarders
These are two things that sometimes can do the same job. How to design
and install them depends a great deal on the climate and what method of
construction is chosen. No matter where you are building, water vapor
condensation is a major threat to the structure of a house.
In cold climates, pressure differences can drive warm, moist indoor air into
exterior walls and attics. It condenses as it cools. The same can be said
for very Southern climates, just in reverse.
As the humid outdoor air enters the walls to find cooler wall cavities it
condenses into liquid water. This is the main reason why some of the
old buildings in the South that have been retrofitted with air
conditioners now have mold and rotten wood problems.
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ENERGY EFFICIENT HOMES
Air / Vapor Retarders
Regardless of your climate, it is important to minimize water vapor
migration by using a carefully designed thermal envelope and sound
construction practices. Any water vapor that does manage to get into
the walls or attics must be allowed to get out again. Some construction
methods and climates lend themselves to allowing the vapor to flow
towards the outdoors. Others are better suited to letting it flow towards
the interior so that the house ventilation system can deal with it.
The Airtight Drywall Approach and the Simple CS system are other methods
to control air and water vapor movement in a residential building. These
systems rely on the nearly airtight installation of sheet materials such as
drywall or gypsum board on the interior as the main barrier, and
carefully sealed foam board and/or plywood on the exterior.
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ENERGY EFFICIENT HOMES
Air / Vapor Retarders
These are two things that sometimes can do the same job. How to design
and install them depends a great deal on the climate and what method of
construction is chosen. No matter where you are building, water vapor
condensation is a major threat to the structure of a house.
In cold climates, pressure differences can drive warm, moist indoor air into
exterior walls and attics. It condenses as it cools. The same can be said
for very Southern climates, just in reverse. As the humid outdoor air
enters the walls to find cooler wall cavities it condenses into liquid
water.
This is the main reason why some of the old buildings in the South that
have been retrofitted with air conditioners now have mold and rotten
wood problems.
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ENERGY EFFICIENT HOMES
Air / Vapor Retarders
Regardless of your climate, it is important to minimize water vapor
migration by using a carefully designed thermal envelope and sound
construction practices. Any water vapor that does manage to get into
the walls or attics must be allowed to get out again. Some construction
methods and climates lend themselves to allowing the vapor to flow
towards the outdoors. Others are better suited to letting it flow towards
the interior so that the house ventilation system can deal with it.
The Airtight Drywall Approach and the Simple CS system are other methods
to control air and water vapor movement in a residential building. These
systems rely on the nearly airtight installation of sheet materials such as
drywall or gypsum board on the interior as the main barrier, and
carefully sealed foam board and/or plywood on the exterior.
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ENERGY EFFICIENT HOMES
Foundations and Slabs
Foundation walls and slabs should be at least as well insulated as the
living space walls. Un-Insulated foundations have a negative impact on
home energy use and comfort, especially if the family uses the lower
parts of the house as a living space. Also, appliances that supply heat
as a by-product, such as domestic hot water heaters, washers, dryers,
and freezers, are often located in basements. By carefully insulating the
foundation walls and floor of the basement, these appliances can assist
in the heating of the house.
Windows
The typical home loses over 25% of its heat through windows. Since even
modern windows insulate less than a wall, in general an energy-efficient
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home in heating dominated climates should have few windows on the
ENERGY EFFICIENT HOMES
Air-Sealing
A well-constructed thermal envelope requires that insulating and sealing be
precise and thorough.
Sealing air leaks everywhere in the thermal envelope reduces energy loss
significantly. Good air-sealing alone may reduce utility costs by as much
as 50% when compared to other houses of the same type and age.
Homes built in this way are so energy-efficient that specifying the correct
sizing heating/ cooling system can be tricky. Rules-of-thumb system
sizing is often inaccurate, resulting in over sizing and wasteful
operation.
ENERGY EFFICIENT HOMES
Controlled Ventilation
Since an energy-efficient home is tightly sealed, it's also important and
fairly simple to deliberately ventilate the building in a controlled way.
Controlled, mechanical ventilation of the building reduces air moisture
infiltration and thus the health risks from indoor air pollutants, promotes
a more comfortable atmosphere, and reduces the likelihood of structural
damage from excessive moisture accumulation.
A carefully engineered ventilation system is important for other reasons
too. Since devices such as furnaces, water heaters, clothes dryers, and
bathroom and kitchen exhaust fans exhaust air from the house, it's
easier to depressurize a tight house if all else is ignored. Natural draft
appliances, such as water heaters, wood stoves, and furnaces may be
"back drafted" by exhaust fans and lead to a lethal build-up of toxic
gases in the house. For this reason it's a good idea to only use "sealed
combustion" heating appliances wherever possible and provide makeup air for all other appliances that can pull air out of the building.
ENERGY EFFICIENT HOMES
Controlled Ventilation
Heat recovery ventilators (HRV) or energy recovery ventilators (ERV) are
growing in use for controlled ventilation in tight homes. These devices
salvage about 80% of the energy from the stale exhaust air and then
deliver that energy to the fresh entering air by way of a heat exchanger
inside the device. They are generally attached to the central forced air
system, but they may have their own duct system.
Other ventilation devices such as through-the-wall and/or "trickle" vents
may be used in conjunction with an exhaust fan. They are, however,
more expensive to operate and possibly more uncomfortable to use
since they have no energy recovery features to pre-condition the
incoming air. Uncomfortable incoming air can be a serious problem if
the house is in a northern climate, and they can create moisture
problems in humid climates. This sort of ventilation strategy is
recommended only for very mild to low humidity climates.
ENERGY EFFICIENT HOMES
Heating and Cooling Requirements
Houses incorporating the above elements should require relatively small
heating systems (typically less than 50,000 BTU/hour even for very cold
climates). Some have nothing more than sunshine as the primary
source of heat energy. Common choices for auxiliary heating include
radiant in-floor heating from a standard gas-fired water heater, a small
boiler, furnace, or electric heat pump. Also, any common appliance that
gives off "waste" heat can contribute significantly to the heating
requirements for such houses. Masonry, pellet, or wood stoves are also
options, but they must be operated carefully to avoid "back drafting."
If an air conditioner is required, a small (6,000 BTU/ hour) unit can be
sufficient. Some designs use only a large fan and the cooler evening air
to cool down the house. In the morning the house is closed up and it
stays comfortable until the next evening.
ENERGY EFFICIENT HOMES
Beginning a Project
Houses incorporating the above features have many advantages. They feel
more comfortable since the additional insulation keeps the interior wall
temperatures more stable. The indoor humidity is better controlled, and
drafts are reduced. A tightly sealed air/vapor retarder reduces the
likelihood of moisture and air seeping through the walls. They are also
very quiet because of the extra insulation and tight construction.
There are some potential drawbacks. They may cost more and take longer
to build than a conventional home, especially if your builder and the
contractors are not familiar with them. Even though their structure may
differ only slightly from conventional homes, your builder and the
contractors may be unwilling to deviate from what they've always done
before. They may need education or training if they have no experience
with these systems. Because some systems have thicker walls than a
"typical" home, they may require a larger foundation to provide the
same floor space.
ENERGY EFFICIENT HOMES
Beginning a Project
Before beginning a home-building project, carefully evaluate
the site and its climate to determine the optimum design
and orientation.
You may want to take the time to learn how to use some of the
energy related software programs that are available to
assist you. Prepare a design that accommodates
appropriate insulation levels, moisture dynamics, and
aesthetics.
Decisions regarding appropriate windows, doors, and heating,
cooling and ventilating appliances are central to an efficient
design. Also evaluate the cost, ease of construction, the
builder's limitations, and building code compliance.
Some schemes are simple to construct, while others can be
extremely complex and thus expensive.
www.apsmoldinspections.com/En
ergyEfficientHom...
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The Most Desirable
Housing on
Campus
All of these research components
and sustainable strategies
will contribute towards
making this row house the
most attractive residence on
campus. Residential
education will be taken to a
new level with students
engaged in learning about the
local and global impacts of
their lifestyles on a daily
basis.
The architectural design of the
dorm will be guided by
respect for the residential
quality of neighboring rowhouses. The highest levels of
indoor environmental quality
and thermal comfort will
foster health and happiness
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amongst residents.
The Most Desirable Housing
on Campus
The building will:
Be a popular row-house that places at the
top of the housing draw
Use a design which balances privacy and
community
Have access to programs and research
contributes profoundly to the goals of
residential education
Provide building feedback loops to
encourage sustainable lifestyles as
students monitor the results of their
living habits
Be designed to the highest standards of
thermal comfort, occupant health,
lighting and acoustic quality
wsdg.typepad.com/blog/2008/07/achieving-energ...
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According to the United States
Green Building Council:
Buildings Consume:
12% of potable water
40% of raw materials
48% of U.S. carbon emissions
70% of U.S electricity
Green Buildings Save:
40% of water
70% of solid waste
35% of carbon emissions
30-50% of electricity
Average Payback:
12-24 months
Average Payback Over the
Lifetime of the Building:
20%
Average Cost Premium for
Building Green:
1-2%
www.masoncontractors.org/aboutmasonry/greenbu...
Green Roofs
It has been long known that older,
large cities generate huge amounts of
heat, dirty water and carbon dioxide.
None of which is particularly good for
us or our planet. One efficient way to
help reduce the damage from these
"side effects" of civilization is to make
better use the sun-lit tops of our
buildings. Today in Philly there is a
green revolution taking place. People
are beginning to use their roofs in a
lawn/garden capacity. Plants and soil
are installed on the rooftops to
"harvest" sunlight, rainwater and
atmospheric dusts. Inexpensive
irrigation systems that use rain water
are easily installed and require
minimal maintenance. In return, these
rooftop plants and gardens produce
oxygen, drink water that we pay dearly
to treat and cool off the building below
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and the earth as well.
Bentuk-bentuk
komunitas tegakan
pohon seperti apa
yang paling sesuai
untuk ruang-ruang
publik dan ruangruang privat di
perkotaan
(tinjauan biofisik,
estetika, ekonomi,
dan budaya) ?
FOTO: smno.kampus.ub. febr2013
www.greenlifesolutions.co.uk/energy_performan...
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The Hannover Principles
Design for Sustainability
Sustainability:
The concept of sustainability has been introduced to combine concern for the
well-being of the planet with continued growth and human development.
Though there is much debate as to what the word actually suggests, we can
put forth the definition offered by the World Commission on Environment and
Development:
"Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs."
In its original context, this definition was stated solely from the human point
of view. In order to embrace the idea of a global ecology with intrinsic value,
the meaning must be expanded to allow all parts of nature to meet their own
needs now and in the future.
The Hannover
Principles
Design for Sustainability
Design:
The Hannover Principles aim
to provide a platform upon
which designers can
consider how to adapt their
work toward sustainable
ends. Designers include all
those who change the
environment with the
inspiration of human
creativity. Design implies the
conception and realization of
human needs and
desires.
FOTO: smno.kampus.ub. juli2011
The Hannover
Principles
Design for
Sustainability:
Designing for sustainability
requires awareness of the
full short and long-term
consequences of any
transformation of the
environment.
Sustainable design is the
conception and realization
of environmentally
sensitive and responsible
expression as a part of the
evolving matrix of nature.
FOTO: smno.kampus.ub. jan2013
The Hannover Principles
Design for Sustainability
1. Insist on rights of humanity and nature to co-exist in a healthy, supportive,
diverse and sustainable condition.
2. Recognize interdependence. The elements of human design interact with and
depend upon the natural world, with broad and diverse implications at every
scale. Expand design considerations to recognizing even distant effects.
3. Respect relationships between spirit and matter. Consider all aspects of
human settlement including community, dwelling, industry and trade in terms
of existing and evolving connections between spiritual and material
consciousness.
4. Accept responsibility for the consequences of design decisions upon human
well-being, the viability of natural systems and their right to co-exist.
5. Create safe objects of long-term value. Do not burden future generations with
requirements for maintenance or vigilant administration of potential danger
due to the careless creation of products, processes or standards.
The Hannover Principles
Design for Sustainability
1. Eliminate the concept of waste. Evaluate and optimize the full life-cycle of
products and processes, to approach the state of natural systems, in which
there is no waste.
2. Rely on natural energy flows. Human designs should, like the living world,
derive their creative forces from perpetual solar income. Incorporate this
energy efficiently and safely for responsible use.
3. Understand the limitations of design. No human creation lasts forever and
design does not solve all problems. Those who create and plan should
practice humility in the face of nature. Treat nature as a model and mentor,
not as an inconvenience to be evaded or controlled.
4. Seek constant improvement by the sharing of knowledge. Encourage direct
and open communication between colleagues, patrons, manufacturers and
users to link long term sustainable considerations with ethical responsibility,
and re-establish the integral relationship between natural processes and
human activity.
The Hannover Principles
Design for Sustainability
Earth.
In design, the earth is both the context and the material. A balance must be struck between
context and material which provides a meaningful and livable diversity of scale. A full range of
experience from the "urban" to the "wild" is essential to the landscape within which human
culture evolves.
Design solutions should benefit flora and fauna as much as humans, upon the notion that natural
processes take care of themselves best when left alone. The overall sense of community, linking
humanity and nature, should be enhanced. A premium value should be placed on unbuilt space,
particularly existing undeveloped lands. Re-use and expansion of the existing fabric may offer
alternatives to new construction that will preserve the natural landscape.
New construction, when necessary, should be seen as an extension of the present built fabric,
not as independent, self-contained development. Building materials need to be considered for
their broadest range of effects, from emotive to practical, within a global and local context. Local
production should be stressed, along with approaches that emphasize the regional, cultural, and
historical uniqueness of the place. Designers should consider the interaction and
implementation of diverse materials within local climate and culture in a meaningful and
productive way.
They are encouraged to consider the use of indigenous materials and the practical and effective
utilization of modern technology, including advanced glazing, energy efficient fixtures and
appliances, and non-toxic water treatment systems.
The Hannover Principles
Design for Sustainability
All materials used must be considered in the following terms:
Buildings should be designed to be flexible enough to accommodate many human
purposes, including living, working or craft, allowing the materials to remain in place
while serving different needs. The use of the site will change. Design should include
alternatives for how the site can be adapted to post-fair requirements.
Materials should be considered in light of their sustainability; their process of
extraction, manufacture, transformation and degradation through proper resource
management and biodiversity on a global and local scale. All materials should be
considered in terms of their embodied energy and characteristics of toxicity, potential
off-gassing, finish and maintenance requirements.
Products used shall not be tested on animals.
Recycling of materials is essential. But recycled materials should not be encouraged if
they are the result of a product designed for disposability. Provision should be made
for the disassembly and re-use of all products by the manufacturer if necessary. The
reuse of entire structures must be considered in the event that building fails to be
adaptable to future human needs.
The Hannover Principles
Design for Sustainability
All materials used must be considered in the following terms:
1. Materials should be chosen to minimize hazardous chemicals.
2. Solid waste left after maximal avoidance must be dealt with in a non-toxic manner.
In nature, waste equals food. The aim is to eliminate any waste which cannot be
shown to be part of a naturally sustainable cycle.
3. Life-cycle analysis of all materials and processes is important. (Life-cycle
assessment is a process in which the energy use and environmental impact of the
entire life cycle of the product, process, or activity is catalogued and analyzed,
encompassing extraction and processing of raw materials, manufacturing,
transportation and maintenance, recycling, and return to the environment.
4. The design should qualify the environmental and economic costs such that the
benefit of the project in relation to expense is understood in both the short and
long terms.
The Hannover Principles
Design for Sustainability
UDARA.
The air is the element whose degradation we can sense most immediately. When the
air is bad,
all can feel it. Local atmospheric pollution may have felt global consequences, so the
overall design must not contribute to further atmospheric denigration of any kind.
Designs must be evaluated in terms of their atmospheric effects, including those on
ozone depletion and global warming. Alteration of the micro-climate is equally
significant. Any possibility for the design to contribute to remediation of existing
environmental damage should be explored.
Air pollution implications of all design systems will be considered in the evaluation of
designs.
General air quality issues should also be considered to insure that no off-site or onsite air pollution results from the design.
Wind patterns in all seasons should be evaluated for both detrimental and beneficial
effects on site configuration.
The Hannover Principles
Design for Sustainability
UDARA.
Noise pollution should be accounted for and minimized.
Building design must accommodate ventilation systems suitable to the
issues of air quality.
This may involve strategies which show concern for dangerous outdoor air
conditions as well as efficient indoor air exchange.
Natural ventilation patterns must be considered at every scale from the urban
to the domestic as an alternative to artificial climate control.
The health effects from indoor air quality problems must be considered
during the design process.
The Hannover Principles
Design for Sustainability
Api – Kebakaran
Fire is the most dramatic symbol of the human ability to harness natural energy.
Energy is
required to achieve comfort and convenience and to transform materials to useful
effect.
Designers are encouraged to instill their designs with the ability to operate based on
on-site renewable energy sources, insofar as is possible, without reliance on fossil
fuels or remote electrical generation. It is possible, given technologies and materials
available today, to create buildings which maintain comfort levels passively without
fossil fuels. This should be considered a minimum condition of energy design.
The design should be aware of its interaction with renewable natural energy flows.
Solar energy should be evaluated in terms of its efficiency and its enjoyment by
inhabitants and visitors throughout the annual cycle. This implies an understanding of
solar access and care for proper screening and shading techniques.
Possibilities for on-site energy production must be considered, and accommodations
should be incorporated into design.
The Hannover Principles
Design for Sustainability
Fire
Buildings should, wherever possible, be net exporters of energy.
Water heating shall be from renewable resources and be efficiently incorporated into
the design.
Transportation requirements will be considered in terms of their impact on overall
energy consumption. Pedestrians and bicyclists should have priority. Mass transit
should be efficient and available, and private automobile use should be discouraged.
Allowances for automobiles should be carefully considered for their present and
future implications with regard to energy use, urban planning and social effect. Auto
services should anticipate alternative fuel strategies.
The relationship of the design and the power grid should be considered. Minimum
impact on energy demand from the grid is a goal, as well as the value of decentralized
energy sources.
The energy "embodied" in the building materials can have a significant impact on the
energy consumption of the project. Embodied energy refers to all the energy
necessary to extract, refine, transform and utilize the materials.
The Hannover Principles
Design for Sustainability
Water
Water is the most basic element of life on the planet— it will be celebrated as a
fundamental life-giving resource. Opportunities to create understanding and
enjoyment of water will be encouraged throughout the design of buildings,
infrastructure and landscapes. Elements which celebrate the profound value of this
resource on both material and spiritual levels deserve serious consideration.
Designs will recognize the communal, cultural, historical, spiritual and poetic
possibilities of the use of water and its central role as a precondition for life.
Water use must be carefully accounted for throughout the entire design process.
Water sources must be protected from contamination and careful consideration given
to efficiency techniques at every step.
Potable water consumption should only be used for life-sustaining functions.
The Hannover Principles
Design for Sustainability
Water
Water from aquifers, rain water, surface run-off water, gray water, and any water use
for sewage transport or processing systems should all be considered within a cyclical
concept.
Waste water must be returned to the earth in a beneficial manner. Organic treatment
systems should be considered.
No ground water contamination should result from any use of water resources related
to the construction or operation of any of the project's facilities.
Design shall consider rainwater and surface run-off water as a possible resource for
inhabitants and in building systems.
Design should minimize impermeable ground cover.
Gray water can be treated and applied to practical or natural purposes suitable to its
characteristics.
Water use in any process related activity shall be put back into circulation, and toxic
chemicals or heavy metals should be minimized. All discharges of process-related
water shall meet drinking water standards.
Water, if used for sewage treatment or transportation, shall be restored to drinking
water standards prior to distribution or re-use.
The Hannover Principles
Design for Sustainability
DESIGNING THE COMPETITION
Designing for Sustainability implies an ecological method whose composite fabric has
implications and opportunities for the structuring of the competition rules and
regulations. We propose that a spirit of cooperation and interconnectedness that
personifies the Hannover Principles of Design guide the design of the competition as
well. We suggest that the competition be phased in three steps:
Phase 1: A symposium comprised of all competitors and a committee of international
advisors to review the idea of sustainable design and to share information. The
Hannover Principles will be presented, debated and expanded there.
Phase 2: An independent design development competition based on the criteria
contained herein, and the results of the symposium in Phase 1. After Phase 2 the jury
would select three proposals, which would be further developed in Phase 3.
Phase 3: Ecological success depends in the end on cooperation, not competition. So
we envision the last step to be a collaborative, cross-disciplinary effort by the three
winners, the Planungsbeirat of the City of Hannover, and committee of international
advisors, to produce a workable, appropriate design in which none of the principles
are compromised.
MATRIX OF SUSTAINABILITY
-100 negative extreme
positive extreme +100
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MATRIX OF SUSTAINABILITY
-100 negative extreme
positive extreme +100
MATRIX OF SUSTAINABILITY
-100 negative extreme
positive extreme +100
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Implementasi konsep green building
FOTO: smno.kampus.ppsub. jan2013