Transcript 3.2. more about structure types

MATERIALIZATION
…In order to understand architecture, it is important that we should keep
in mind the most subtle and powerful principle of all arts:
the agreement between material and form, made as intimate and thorough
as possible by the nature of things.
….The fusion of these two elements is the absolute aim of all great art….the
simplest example is offered by poetry which cannot exist without the close
association or the magic symbiosis of sound and meaning…
Paul Valery
1
2
MATERIALIZATION
1. The Materials
2. The Enclosure
3. Structural Systems
4. Composition of the Building
3
1.
THE MATERIALS
Selection of materials should be done with a high
degree of coordination:
a) seeking material unity
(large number of different materials tend to
create a sense of disunity )
b) atmosphere or feeling (expression)
c) texture compatibility (association among
materials)
d) surrounding buildings (uses and patterns)
4
1.
THE MATERIALS
5
1.
THE MATERIALS
6
1.
THE MATERIALS
7
1.
THE MATERIALS
8
2. THE ENCLOSURE
The materialization of the
is the
creation of the physical shell around the building spaces.
This materialization is concerned with the relationships
between:
9
2. THE ENCLOSURE
The enclosing planes of a building include its...
Roofs and Ceilings:
- The roof plane and the ceiling plane may be the
same (i.e. wood deck) or two different surfaces
(dropped ceiling)
- Avoid roof situations that trap water.
- The protection of overhangs should be used only
when needed.
Floors:
- In multi-story and basement conditions, the floor is
similar to the roof framing.
- Where land contours are pronounced, floor levels of
spaces may impose upon or be in sympathy with the
land.
Walls:
- Walls may be structural (bearing other loads) or non
structural (only holding up their own weight)
- Non-structural walls are used for barriers or filters
between two conflicting or incompatible situations:
walls may be temperature, acoustic or visual barriers.
10
2. THE ENCLOSURE
Openings in buildings may take several forms:
Openings should be woven into the entire building geometry
as strongly as possible
Doors
- Door placement should relate to the circulation
system in the building and spaces. It determines the
number of used areas formed in a space.
- Doors should rest against a wall when open. This
minimizes swing area needed and door interference
with space activities.
- Interior doors swing into its space while exterior
doors swing out.
Windows
- The extent and placement of window openings
should relate to space need for view, light or
protection from outside forces.
- Window sill height should relate to furniture height
where furniture is against a wall at a window.
- Window placement must respond to view orientation
of spaces.
11
3. THE STRUCTURE
3.1. Structural Requirements
3.2. Structure Types
3.2.1. Post and Beam Structures
3.2.2. Arches and Vaulted Halls, and Domes
3.2.3. Portal Frames
3.2.4. Trusses
3.2.5. Space Frames
3.2.6. Folded Roofs
3.2.7. Shells
3.2.8. Tensile Structures
3.3. DETERMINATION OF THE STRUCTURAL FORM
3.3.1. Design Strategies
3.3.2. Selection Of The Generic Type Of Structure
3.3.3. Selection Of Structural Material
12
3.
The Structure
3.1. STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS
• DURABILITY
The durability of the structure depends entirely in the physical/chemical conditions
of the structural material, and our willingness to continue using the building ( at the
end of the lifecycle of a building, it may be demolished)
• STABILITY AND EQUILLIBRIUM
When the structure is stable and in equilibrium it resists any load without suffering
a major change of shape or collapsing.
• STRENGTH AND RIGIDITY
Strength and rigidity are reached by the adequate specification of geometry, size,
and the material of the structural elements. In example, for resisting the same
structural load, a steel structural element needs a smaller cross section than a
reinforced concrete element, and this is due to the difference between the
strength of the kind of materials.
13
3.
The Structure
3.1. MORE ABOUT STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS: LOADS
14
3.
The Structure
3.1. MORE ABOUT STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS: LOADS
15
3.
The Structure
3.1. MORE ABOUT STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS: LOADS
16
3.
The Structure
3.1. MORE ABOUT STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS: LOADS
17
3.
The Structure
3.2. STRUCTURE TYPES
ROOFS SUPPORTED WITH
VERTICAL ELEMENTS
SUBJECTS OF COMPRESSION:
ROOFS SUPPORTED WITH
VERTICAL ELEMENTS
SUBJECTS OF TENSION:
POST AND BEAM
STRUCTURES:
- LOAD BEARING WALLS
- SKELETON FRAME
MASTED STRUCTURES
ROOF
STRUCTURES
- ARCHES, VAULTED HALLS, AND DOMES
- PORTAL FRAMES
- TRUSSES
- SPACE FRAMES
- FOLDED ROOFS
- SHELLS
- MEMBRANES AND TENTS
18
3.
The Structure
3.2. MORE ABOUT STRUCTURE TYPES: MATERIALIZATION OF A CUBE
19
3. The Structure
3.2. Structure Types
3.2.1. POST AND BEAM STRUCTURES
Most architectural structures are of the post-and-beam type.
Post and beam buildings carry the weight of their structural components
(and the weight of objects and people in them) by bearing on one another.
The weight of the roof and beams is carried by the posts down to the foundation
and then into the ground. Horizontal beams are subject to bending loads,
therefore the structural materials should be able of resisting both tension and
compression.
We can further subdivide the post and beam structures into:
20
3. The Structure
3.2. Structure Types
3.2.1. MORE ABOUT POST AND BEAM STRUCTURES: LOAD BEARING WALLS
21
3. The Structure
3.2. Structure Types
3.2.1. MORE ABOUT POST AND BEAM STRUCTURES: LOAD BEARING WALLS
22
3. The Structure
3.2. Structure Types
3.2.1. MORE ABOUT POST AND BEAM STRUCTURES: LOAD BEARING WALLS
23
3. The Structure
3.2. Structure Types
3.2.1. MORE ABOUT POST AND BEAM STRUCTURES: SKELETON FRAME
24
3. The Structure
3.2. Structure Types
3.2.2. ARCHES, VAULTED HALLS, AND DOMES
25
3. The Structure
3.2. Structure Types
3.2.2. MORE ABOUT ARCHES AND VAULTED ROOFS
26
3. The Structure
3.2. Structure Types
3.2.2. MORE ABOUT DOMES
27
3. The Structure
3.2. Structure Types
3.2.3. PORTAL FRAMES
28
3. The Structure
3.2. Structure Types
3.2.3. MORE ABOUT PORTAL FRAMES
29
3. The Structure
3.2. Structure Types
3.2.4. TRUSSES
30
3. The Structure
3.2. Structure Types
3.2.4. MORE ABOUT TRUSSES
31
3. The Structure
3.2. Structure Types
3.2.5. SPACE FRAMES
32
3. The Structure
3.2. Structure Types
3.2.5. MORE ABOUT SPACE FRAMES
33
3. The Structure
3.2. Structure Types
3.2.5. MORE ABOUT SPACE FRAMES
34
3. The Structure
3.2. Structure Types
3.2.6. FOLDED ROOFS
35
3. The Structure
3.2. Structure Types
3.2.6. MORE ABOUT FOLDED ROOFS
36
3. The Structure
3.2. Structure Types
3.2.7. SHELLS
37
3. The Structure
3.2. Structure Types
3.2.7. MORE ABOUT SHELLS
38
3. The Structure
3.2. Structure Types
3.2.7. MORE ABOUT SHELLS
39
3. The Structure
3.2. Structure Types
3.2.8. TENSILE STRUCTURES
40
3. The Structure
3.2. Structure Types
3.2.8. MORE ABOUT TENSILE STRUCTURES
41
3. The Structure
3.2. Structure Types
3.2.8. MORE ABOUT TENSILE STRUCTURES
42
3. The Structure
3.2. Structure Types
3.2.8. MORE ABOUT TENSILE STRUCTURES
43
3.
The Structure
3.3. DETERMINATION OF THE STRUCTURAL FORM
44
3. The Structure
3.3. Determination Of The Structural Form
3.3.1. DESIGN STRATEGIES
45
3. The Structure
3.3. Determination Of The Structural Form
3.3.2. SELECTION OF THE GENERIC TYPE OF STRUCTURE
46
3. The Structure
3.3. Determination Of The Structural Form
3.3.3. SELECTION OF STRUCTURAL MATERIAL
47
4. COMPOSITION OF THE BUILDING
4.1. ARTICULATION AND CONTINUITY
48
4. COMPOSITION OF THE BUILDING
4.1. MORE ABOUT ARTICULATION AND CONTINUITY
49
4. COMPOSITION OF THE BUILDING
4.2. CORNER ARTICULATION
50
4. COMPOSITION OF THE BUILDING
4.2. MORE ABOUT CORNER ARTICULATION
51
4. COMPOSITION OF THE BUILDING
4.2. MORE ABOUT CORNER ARTICULATION
52
4. COMPOSITION OF THE BUILDING
4.2. MORE ABOUT CORNER ARTICULATION
53
References
• Architecture and Engineering: An illustrated Teacher’s
Manual on Why Buildings Stand Up, Mario Salvadori and
Michael Temple, The New York Academy of Sciences, 1983.
• Elements of Architecture, Pierre Von Meiss, ISBN 0-74760014-7.
• Form, Function & Design, Paul Jacques Grillo, ISBN 0-48620182-1.
• Structural Design for Architecture, Angus Macdonald,
Architectural Press, Oxford 1997.
54