Transcript Building Systems

INTD 51 human environments
building systems
heating/ventilation/air-conditioning (HVAC)
•maintain a comfortable indoor climate
•control temperature and humidity
•remove odors, dust and pollen
•replace stale air with fresh air from outside the
building
heating/ventilation/air-conditioning (HVAC)
without these systems most building could not be
used
in fact, most buildings almost entirely rely on these
systems to regulate the indoor climate—no
operable windows
heating/ventilation/air-conditioning (HVAC)
heating systems may be fueled by:
•coal
•oil
•gas
•electricity
•solar energy
•gas, electric & solar systems are the most
environmentally friendly
heating/ventilation/air-conditioning (HVAC)
air conditioning is accomplished by compressors or
chilled water that use the same ducts or pipes
used for heating
heating/ventilation/air-conditioning (HVAC)
residential heating systems generally are hot air
systems that use electric blowers to move heated
air through ducts to the spaces within the building
larger buildings are generally heated by gas- or
oil-fired hot water systems—the fuel heats the
water in a boiler and the water is pumped to
radiators
heating/ventilation/air-conditioning (HVAC)
the purpose of a ventilation system is to introduce
fresh air into the building and to reduce the odors
caused by the activities within the structure
amount of ventilation required depends on the
items contributing to odors:
•body odor
•clothing
•furniture
•dust
•mechanical devices
•restrooms
heating/ventilation/air-conditioning (HVAC)
ventilation is provided by blowers that force air
through ducts to the conditioned spaces
heating/ventilation/air-conditioning (HVAC)
air is filtered and conditioned by some type of
air-handling unit
some designed to serve a
single area such as a
commercial kitchen or a
welding area in a factory
heating/ventilation/air-conditioning (HVAC)
water/sewage disposal
potable (drinkable) water is distributed within a
building by pipes sized to produce the amount
of flow required
separate systems are
required for cold water
and hot water
water/sewage disposal
as building is planned, provisions are made to
provide ways to install the pipe both
horizontally on each floor and vertically
between floors
water/sewage disposal
water/sewage disposal
sewage disposal system removes fluid waste
and organic matter to protect the occupants of
the building
composed of a network
of large-diameter pipes
that must carry the waste
horizontally on each floor
to vertical soil stacks
which carry it to drain below the building
water/sewage disposal
drain connects to the public sewer or to some
form of a septic tank
water/sewage disposal
drain connects to the public sewer or to some
form of a septic tank
water/sewage disposal
in small buildings the system can be run below
the ground-level floor and between the floor
joists on floors at the second-floor level
large, multistory commercial buildings have to
provide space on the floor for running the
plumbing
electrical
the HVAC and lighting systems within a building
require electrical power to function
other heavy demands for
electrical power depend
upon the activities that are
to take place within the
building
electrical
estimating the amount
of electrical service
required and planning
the actual layout
require a knowledge of
the design solutions of
all the factors involving
a need for electricity
electrical
provision must be made for the location of
switchgear within the building
•disconnect switches
•secondary switches
•circuit breakers
•fuses
electrical
electrical room must be well-ventilated so the
heat generated can be exhausted from the
room
switchgear may be located outdoors if it is
housed in metal, waterproof cabinets designed
for this purpose
electrical
fire protection
required to provide protection of the structure
and its contents against damage by fire and to
protect occupants from injury or death
fire protection
fire protection
selection of materials and traffic patterns within
the structure are critical
consideration of how to prevent movement of a
fire within a building is mandatory:
•A/C ducts require dampers to prevent flow of smoke
•roof must be able to vent smoke and gases
•opening between stories must have automatic closing
devices
•fire walls and doors
fire protection
fire protection
sound and signal
typical signal systems include:
•doorbells
•public television
•intercoms
•music
•fire alarms
•security systems
•telephone
•closed-circuit television
•clocks
sound and signal
extensive signal systems are computer
controlled
as building is planned, space must be provided
on various levels for installing equipment
plans must be made for running cables within
floors and between floors
sound and signal
typical distribution systems include the use of:
•conduit
•boxes
•various raceway systems
some are in or just below the floor
large buildings may require a room just for
installation of terminals
mechanical transportation systems
systems to transport people and materials
within a building include:
•elevators
•escalators
•moving sidewalks
•ramps
location and number needed for the occupancy
of the building need to be carefully considered