Transcript bukhara is the purle of the east

BUKHARA IS THE
PEARL OF THE EAST
Cheked by:
Navruzov B.B.
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Bukhara citadel of Ark obtained its modern appearance in the period of the Man-ghit
dynasty (1747-1920). Ark was the center of Bukhara statehood. There was a palace of
Bukhara amir, mosques, exchequer, governmental administration and prison. Its grand
entrance fronted the Registan Square.
The massive gates were reinforced with two towers connected by the gallery above. In the
past a lash was hanged above the gate symbolizing the power of amir. Arc suffered much
in 1920 when Red Army conducted shell attack and bombed the city.
Since 1945, the Bukhara State Architectural Art Museum-Preserve has been situated in
the Ark citadel.
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Bolo-Hauz mosque
In the past Registan
Square was occupied
by numerous beautiful
buildings. Today there
is only monument of
medieval Bukhara - the
Bolo-Hauz Ensemble.
It is a classic sample of
Central Asian mosque:
the winter building of
1712, summer aivan of
the early 20th century
with
ornamented
ceiling and wooden
columns, small minaret
constructed in 1917 by
usto Shirin and small
basin.
The brightest feature
of mosque is decor of
aivan which columns
are made from two
trunks each and have
stalactite capitals.
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Balyand mosque
Balyand ("High") Mosque is a small
mosque in the rich Bukhara quarter.
Its age is more than 500 years. Gshaped column aivan surrounds
rectangular winter part of mosque.
It served a summer mosque. Mihrab
and wall panels are faced with
mosaics,
and
walls
have
poiychromic painting with gilding.
Vegetative
ornament
and
inscriptions in Sulth dominate.
Wooden columns with stalactite
capitals on marble bases and ceiling
of avian were done in the 19th
century. The ceiling of mosque is
unique: it is made from planks,
decorated
with
geometrical
ornament and small wooden
cupolas.
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Chashma Ayub
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Chashma-Ayub belongs to the esteemed "places of trace" ("kadamjoi") left by saints. Legends say that
the bible prophet Job (Ayub) once visited this place. A blow of his staff created a well ("chash-ma"). Its
water remains pure to this day, and is considered to have healing powers.
According to legend, a holy structure already existed here in the 12th century. The inscription on the
portal states that today's structure was built by Amir Temur. Characteristic of Chashma-Ayub is a
conical dome, typical of Khorezm architecture in the 13th and 14th centuries. Most likely, Khorezm
masters invited by Temur were the builders of Chashma-Ayub.
• Chor-Minor
• "Chor-minor" ("Four
minarets") is a name of
unusual Madrassah of Caliph
Niyazkul, built in 1807.
Madrassah has a courtyard
with one-storied hudjras,
column aivan of summer
mosque and reservoir faced
with stones.
Original is the entrance - fourarch dome structure with four
corner towers under blue
domes. Three towers were
used as utility rooms. The
fourth has a stair going to the
second floor into the dome
hall of library.
• Toki-Zargaron,
Toki-Sarrafon,
Toki-Tilpak-Furushon
shopping
mall
in
Bukhara
Historical monuments of Bukhara
• Medieval Bukhara was a big business city receiving merchants from
Central Asia, Iran and India, Russia and China. The trading status of
Bukhara influenced its planning and architecture. Central streets played
a roleof markets, each of which specialized in some products. So,
domed and multi-arched buildings were constructed on the squares
and crossroads to make sale more comfortable. They were named
"tok"-arch, dome. Three such structures survive to this day. These are
Toki-Zargaron (dome of jewelers), Toki-Sarrafon (dome of
moneychangers) and Toki-Tilpak-Furushon (dome of headwear
sellers).
These domes-"Toks" of the 15th-16th centuries blocked crossroads.
They directed traffic, unloading arterial road and organizing trade.
Shops and workshops were located inside on perimeter. Architecturally
and functionally Tim of Abdullakhan belongs to "Toks". This is large
multi-dome mall for silk sale. In the center of Tim there is a big area
for sale. Dome gallery with fifty six shops is going on its perimeter.
Gaukushan ensemble
The square with a stone
pool in the center is
located to the west from
Toki-Sarrafon at the edge
of dwelling quarters of
the old city. There are two
small madrassah and
architectural ensemble of
Gaukushan related to the
Shaybanid buildings of
the 16th century. This
one-storied complex
includes mosque, low
minaret imitating Kalyan
and madrassah with dome
hudjras.
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Sitorai-Mohi-Hosa Palace (late 19th c. - early 20th cc.)
Sitorai-Mohi-Hosa Palace was a country residence of Bukhara amirs. It had been under
construction for two decades at the end of the 19th - early 20th centuries.
Construction works at the old palace started at amir Abdullahad-khan (died in 1910).
He sent Bukhara masters to Petersburg and Yalta to study Russian architecture. Using
Russian experience, local architects with usto Khodja Hafiz at the head built a rich
building that had combined local Bukhara and European traditions. Its throne hall for
royal
receptions
made
a
core
of
the
palace.
• The palace complex of Sitorai-Mohi-Hosa was finished at amir Alimkhan. It included a grand entrance arch, courtyard with galleries, main
building of European style before the basin and house for amir's
harem in the garden. Carving on stucco with mirror background in
"White Hall" that was done by Bukhara masters headed by usto Shirin
Muradov and paintings in the reception room done under usto HasanDjan's direction are recognized true masterpieces. After revolution of
1920, Sitorai-Mohi-Hosa was used for sessions of supreme state body
of Bukhara National Republic (1920-1924) - all-Bukhara Kurultai.
Mausoleum of Saifetdin Boharziy (late 13th-14th cc.)
• Sheikh Saifeddin Boharzi (died in 1261) was a pupil of outstanding
Khorezm Sufi Nadjm ad-Din Qubro (died in 1220). He chose Bukhara
for preaching where founded famous "qubraviyyah" khanaka. Sheikh
Boharzi converted Golden Horde's khan Berke into Islam. In the
middle of the 13th century he headed Bukhara madrassah, established
by Ma'sud-beg, Mongolian minister and Muslim. Sheikh was buried in
Fatkhabad.The mausoleum above his tomb arose at the end of the
13th century. Dome building of khanaka with portal was buiit in the
14th century. Khanaka had been operating till the end of 18th century.
Mausoleum of Buyan Kuli khan (late 14th c., 15th or 16th c.)
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Lyabi-Hauz (lit. "shore of pool") is very popular among travelers. It is the
largest artificial reservoir of medieval Bukhara. It was installed around 1620
between khanaka and madrassah, constructed by the order of khan's vizier
Nadir Divan-beghi. The two new buildings and Kukeldash Madrassah had
formed a perfect architectural ensemble with reservoir in the middle. The pool
is of 42 m in length, 36 m in width and about 5 m in depth. Lyabi-Hauz has
stone steps by which Bukhara watermen went down to take water.
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Khanaka and madrassah of Nadir Divan-Beghi (1620)
Khanaka was built first of Lyabi-Hauz ensemble. It was a place for staying and meditations of Sufis.
This is a massive rectangular structure with cruciform hall under dome and hudjras in corners. The pool
was built later. Nadir Divan-Beghi constructed caravanserai on its other side.
At the opening of caravanserai, Imamkuli-khan (1611-1642) complimented his minister on construction
of the building "for the glory of Allah" by advice of Sufi sheikhs. So, Nadir Divan-Beghi had to convert
it into madrassah. Flying phoenixes decorate the reconstructed portal. <>
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Kalyan Minaret
Kalyan Minaret (Great Minaret)
is the main symboi of sacred
Bukhara. The minaret was used
not only to call Muslims to
prayer, but symbolized the
authority and power of its
spiritual leaders. The central
ensemble of Bukhara - PoiKalyan - literally "Beneath the
Great" grew up around the
minaret.
The Kalyan Minaret is a round
tower 9 m in diameter at its
base, tapering to 6m at the top.
It is possible to ascend the
minaret from the roof of the
cathedral mosque through a
passage. Inside the tower is a
spiral staircase having 104 steps.
Total height of the minaret is
45.6m. The inscription on the
cornice announces the date of its
construction, 1127, and the
name of its architect - Bako.
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Kalyan Mosque (early 16thc.)
Today's Kalyan Mosque was
built at the beginning of the
16th century, at the first
Shaybanids. Since that time,
except for Soviet time, it has
operated as cathedral mosque
of
Bukhara.
The mosque replaced the old
Qarakhanid cathedral mosque
of the 12th century, which was
built
simultaneously
with
Kalyan Minaret. This Shaybanid mosque is comparable
witn
Temuricl
cathedral
mosques in Samarkand and
Herat. It is behind BibiKhanym Mosque in Samarkand
in number of structures, but, its
area of 130 x 80 m surpasses the
last
one.
Kalyan Mosque is traditionally
rectangular in layout and has
four aivans. Aivan at the
entrance has external portal
fronting the Poi-Kalyan Square
and internal portal overlooking
the courtyard. Arched galleries
with 288 domes go on
perimeter of the court yard.
They are based on 208
columns. The octahedral stand
used as lectern is located on
the central axis beside the
internal portal. Mosaics and
glazed bricks make colored
decoration of facades
Miri-Arab Madrassah (16thc.)
Active Miri-Arab Madrassah is
located opposite to Kaiyan
Mosque. This is one of the most
esteemed
spiritual
Islamic
universities on the post-Soviet
territory. It was constructed at
the Shaybanids in the 16th
century in account of trophies
the nephew of Shaybani-khan,
Ubaidallah-khan (died in 1539)
took. Khan gave them to his
teacher and head of Bukhara
Muslims Miri-Arab ("Prince of
Arabs"). The last came from
Yemen and was a pupil of
Khodja Akhrar. Madrassah has
traditional layout-two floors of
hudjras surround four-aivan
courtyard.
Classrooms occupy three corners
of the building. The fourth
belongs
to
necropolis
of
Ubaidallah-khan and Miri-Arab.
The khan's tomb with wooden
gravestone in the Yemen style is
located at the foot of Sheikh
Miri-Arab's tomb. The portal in
the middle of the facade has
semi-octahedral arch. Mosque
and gurkhana with domes on
high cylindrical drums are
behind two-storied loggias of the
facade. The external decor is
formed by carved mosaics of
vegetative ornaments and Sulth
scripts.
EXERCISES
• I. Translate the following sentences into your
native tongue.
• 1. Today's Kalyan Mosque was built at the
beginning of the 16th century, at the first
Shaybanids. Since that time, except for Soviet
time, it has operated as cathedral mosque of
Bukhara.
2. The Kalyan Minaret is a round tower 9 m in
diameter at its base, tapering to 6m at the top. It
is possible to ascend the minaret from the roof
of the cathedral mosque through a passage.
• 3. The square with a stone pool in the center is
located to the west from Toki-Sarrafon at the
edge of dwelling quarters of the old city.
• 4. Dome building of khanaka with portal was
buiit in the 14th century.
• 5. He chose Bukhara for preaching where
founded famous "qubraviyyah" khanaka.
• 6. The pool is of 42 m in length, 36 m in width
and about 5 m in depth. Lyabi-Hauz has stone
steps by which Bukhara watermen went down to
take water.
II. Put in the appropriate pronouns.
• 1. … the opening … caravanserai, Imamkulikhan (1611-1642) complimented his minister …
construction … the building “… the glory …
Allah" … advice … Sufi sheikhs.
• 2. The two new buildings and Kukeldash
Madrassah had formed a perfect architectural
ensemble … reservoir … the middle.
• 3. They are based … 208 columns.
• 4. The mosque replaced the old
Qarakhanid cathedral mosque …
the 12th century, which was built
simultaneously … Kalyan Minaret.
III. Put in the suitable articles where
necessary.
• 1. Its throne hall for royal receptions made …
core of … palace.
2. Balyand ("High") Mosque is … small mosque
in … rich Bukhara quarter. Its age is more than
… 500 years.
• 3. … brightest feature of mosque is … decor of
aivan which columns are made from two trunks
each and have stalactite capitals.
• 4. In … past Registan Square was occupied
by numerous … beautiful buildings.
• 5. … massive gates were reinforced with
two towers connected by … gallery above.
• 6. Bukhara citadel of Ark obtained its
modern appearance in … period of …
Manghit dynasty (1747-1920).
IV. PARAPHRASE THE
FOLLOWING SENTENCES.
• 1. Classrooms occupy three corners of the
building.
• 2. Construction works at the old palace started
at amir Abdullahad-khan (died in 1910).
• 3. This one-storied complex includes mosque,
low minaret imitating Kalyan and madrassah
with dome hudjras.
• 4. After revolution of 1920, Sitorai-Mohi-Hosa
was used for sessions of supreme state body of
Bukhara National Republic (1920-1924) - allBukhara Kurultai.
• 5. The two new buildings and Kukeldash
Madrassah had formed a perfect architectural
ensemble with reservoir in the middle.
• 6. The mosque replaced the old Qarakhanid
cathedral mosque of the 12th century, which
was built simultaneously with Kalyan Minaret.
TESTS
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1. Whom the creation of Bukhara connected with?
A) Afrasiyob
B) Siyavush
C) Amir Temur
D) Doro I
2. When did we celebrate the 2500 anniversary of Bukhara?
A) 1996
B) 1998
C) 1997
D) 2001
3. What does Chashmai Ayub mean?
A) the palace of king
B) the holy place
C) the spring of Ayub
D) the eyes of Ayub
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4. Where is Miri-Arab Madrassah located?
A) near the Labi Hauz
B) at Somonids’ park
C) beside Ark
D) opposite to Kalyan Mosque
5. Who chose Bukhara for preaching where founded famous "qubraviyyah"
khanaka?
A) Sheikh Saifeddin Boharzi
B) Nadjm ad-Din Qubro
C) Samonid
D) Amir Temur
6. What building is the main symbol of sacred Bukhara?
A) Ark
B) Sitorai Mohi Khosa
C) Kalyan Minaret
D) Labi Hauz
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7. What does the word Miri-Arab mean?
A) prince of Arabs
B) captain of Arabs
C) star of Arabs
D) city of Arabs
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8. How long is the Kalyan Minaret in diameter?
A)19 m
B) 10 m
C) 15 m
D) 9 m
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9. How many classrooms are there in Miri-Arab?
A) 5
B) 3
C) 4
D) 10
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10. What does Lyabi-Hauz mean?
A) shore of pool
B) top of pool
C) shore of sea
D) mouth of animal