Transcript 207_dk1 - BRE projects website

E.Phil & Son AS headquarters
E. Pihl & Son AS
Building
Presentation
of the building
Ventilation
strategy &
technology
Monitoring
set-up
Summer
monitoring
Winter
monitoring
Conclusions
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Architect: KHR A/S
Building Presentation (1...)
E. Pihl & Son AS
Building
Presentation
of the building
Ventilation
strategy &
technology
Monitoring
set-up
Summer
monitoring
Winter
monitoring
Conclusions
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Building presentation (2...)
E. Pihl & Son AS
Building
Presentation
of the building
Ventilation
strategy &
technology
Monitoring
set-up
Summer
monitoring
Winter
monitoring








Conclusions
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
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E. Pihl & Son is a major contractor in Denmark.
The company Headquarters is located in Lyngby, about 10 kilometres
north of Copenhagen City in a suburban environment.
The office building was completed in 1993/94.
The building is a three-storey office building.
The building is angled in a diagonal symmetry.
The corridors are sky-lit galleries.
The building is specifically designed for natural ventilation.
The facade of the building is brickwork and glass while the roof and the
internal walls are in situ concrete.
The floor area is about 2.700 m2
 2.000 m2 (75%) is offices and meeting rooms
 400 m2 (15%) is circulation area
 200 m2 is canteen and 100 m2 is toilets and cloakrooms
Building presentation (3...)
E. Pihl & Son AS
Building
Presentation
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2-storey foyer
Canteen
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Office wing, northwest facade
Building presentation (4...)
E. Pihl & Son AS
Building
Presentation
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Monitoring
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Summer
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Winter
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typical floor plan
N
Canteen
Two-storey foyer
with glazed facade
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Main entrance
Corridors with skylights
Building presentation (5|)
internal view
E. Pihl & Son AS
Building
Presentation
of the building
Ventilation
strategy &
technology
Monitoring
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Summer
monitoring
Winter
monitoring


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Generally the internal concrete walls and ceilings are exposed. The
thermal mass of the building can be characterised as heavy.
Internal steel frames support stairways, skylights, fittings and other
permanent furnishings
Ventilation strategy & aims (1...)
E. Pihl & Son AS
Building
Presentation
of the building
Ventilation
strategy &
technology
Monitoring
set-up
Summer
monitoring
Winter
monitoring
Conclusions
E. Pihl & Son required an office building of high quality and the technical
installations should be simple and hidden yet effective and advanced.
The building is specifically designed for natural ventilation. In the design
stage for the ventilation the architects and engineers took into account:
 not only the thermally generated pressures,
 but also the wind induced pressures.
Knowledge and ideas from traditional buildings in the tropics were taken into
consideration including the principles developed for the Danish pavilion at
the Sevilla fair.
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Ventilation strategy (2...)
for summer comfort
E. Pihl & Son AS
Building

In summertime the risk of overheating is reduced by intensive ventilation:
 The intensive ventilation is completely natural and is based on the
opening of windows in the façade. Mechanical ventilation is only used in
the meeting rooms, toilets, canteen and main foyer
 The windows are partly controlled mechanically and partly
controlled automatically.
 The intensive ventilation of the offices is based on cross ventilation
and single sided ventilation (when the internal doors are closed).
 Under certain conditions the vertical skylights open automatically. In
which case stack effects are one of the driving natural forces.
 During periods when stack effects are not strong enough to drive the
natural ventilation regime , two extraction fans on the roof are turned
on. Under extreme conditions, the system is fan-assisted.

The solar gains are reduced to a certain degree by the use of internal
blinds.
Presentation
of the building
Ventilation
strategy &
technology
Monitoring
set-up
Summer
monitoring
Winter
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Conclusions
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Ventilation strategy (3...)
for summer comfort
E. Pihl & Son AS
Building
Presentation
of the building
Ventilation
strategy &
technology
Monitoring
set-up
Summer
monitoring
Winter
monitoring
Conclusions
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Vertical openings in
the skylights and ...
…ventilation openings
located in narrow window
bands above the ordinary
windows in the offices are
equipped with electronic
actuators. The openings
can be left open during
night-time.
The ordinary windows in
the offices are manually
controlled. The windows
must be closed during
night-time due to security
reasons.
NatVent
Roof fans are automatically activated
at an internal temperature of 26 °C
measured in the two-storey foyer
Ventilation strategy (4...)
for indoor air quality
E. Pihl & Son AS
Building

Presentation
of the building
Ventilation
strategy &
technology
Monitoring
set-up
Summer
monitoring
Winter
monitoring
Conclusions
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The indoor air quality during the
office hours in winter and summer
time is controlled by the occupants:
 Occupants can improve the air
quality by opening the
windows.
 There is no automatic control
related to the IAQ.
Manually controlled
openable windows
Ventilation technology (5...)
E. Pihl & Son AS
Building
Presentation
of the building
Ventilation
strategy &
technology
Monitoring
set-up
Summer
monitoring
Winter
monitoring
Ventilation devices - OFFICES:
specially designed multi-position ventilation openings:
 located in narrow window bands above the ordinary windows
 motorised for manual and automatic control
Ventilation devices - CORRIDORS:
openable skylights:
 motorised for both manual and automatic control
two extract fans located on the roof
 integrated with the skylights
 intended for use in case the natural driving forces are insufficient
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The control system (I-BUS, “intelligent house”) controls:
 the ventilation openings
 the heating system
 the artificial lighting
 the solar shading
NatVent
Ventilation technology (6...)
open plan office
E. Pihl & Son AS
Building
Presentation
of the building
Ventilation
strategy &
technology
Monitoring
set-up
Summer
monitoring
Winter
monitoring
High positioned, motorised
ventilation openings...
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…located in narrow window bands
above the ordinary windows
Ventilation technology (7...)
single office
E. Pihl & Son AS
Building
Motorised ventilation openings ...
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… and manually controlled
openable windows
Most offices facing north-west
have large highly glazed
facades.
NatVent
In the offices, internal solar
shading is motorised aluminium
blinds
Ventilation technology (8|)
corridors
E. Pihl & Son AS
Building
Presentation
of the building
Ventilation
strategy &
technology
Monitoring
set-up
Summer
monitoring
Winter
monitoring
Vertical skylight in the
open position (~45)
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One of two extract fans
located on the roof
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Monitoring set-up
E. Pihl & Son AS
Building
Presentation
of the building
Ventilation
strategy &
technology
Monitoring
set-up
Summer
monitoring
Winter
monitoring
Conclusions
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N
Office 2
Office
2
Office 3
Office
3
Office
Office 4 4
Office
Office 5 5
Investigated offices:
Five offices on the second floor were
chosen for the monitoring
 Office 1: 20 m2 cellular office
 Office 2:
 Office 3:
14 m2 each
 Office 4:
 Office 5: 16 m2, 2 persons
NatVent
Office 1 1
Office
Summer monitoring (1...)
Indoor (average of 4 offices) & outdoor
temperatures during a three months period
E. Pihl & Son AS
Building
35
Tint.
30
25
20
15
Text.
10
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Mon 29.09.97
Mon 22.09.97
Mon 15.09.97
Mon 08.09.97
Mon 01.09.97
Mon 25.08.97
Mon 18.08.97
Mon 11.08.97
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Mon 04.08.97
0
Mon 28.07.97
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The internal temperatures is often > 25°C and even > 28°C,
while the external temperature is far much lower.
Mon 21.07.97
5
Mon 14.07.97
Conclusions
Mon 07.07.97
Temperature [°C]
Presentation
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Monitoring
set-up
Summer
monitoring
Winter
monitoring
Summer monitoring (2...)
measurements in office 1
E. Pihl & Son AS
Building
25
Tint.
20
15
Text.
10
NatVent
5
Sat 26.07.97
Fri 25.07.97
Thu 24.07.97
Wed 23.07.97
Tue 22.07.97
Mon 21.07.97
0
Sun 20.07.97
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Air Supply
Sat 19.07.97
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30
Fri 18.07.97
Conclusions
= Intensive night ventilation ( up to 15 l/s.m²).
Temperature [°C], Air supply [l·s-1 ·m-2 ]
Presentation
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strategy &
technology
Monitoring
set-up
Summer
monitoring
Winter
monitoring
Summer monitoring (3...)
results of measurements in office 1
E. Pihl & Son AS
Building
300
During the weekend the internal
CO2-concentration equals the
outdoor CO2-conc: no occupation.
20
Tint.
200
Air Supply
100
10
0
Sat 26.07.97
Fri 25.07.97
Thu 24.07.97
Wed 23.07.97
Tue 22.07.97
0
CO2 concentration [ppm]
30
Mon 21.07.97
NatVent
400
Sun 20.07.97
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40
Sat 19.07.97
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500
CO2-conc.
Fri 18.07.97
Conclusions
50
Temperature [°C], Air supply [l·s-1·m-2]
Presentation
of the building
Ventilation
strategy &
technology
Monitoring
set-up
Summer
monitoring
Winter
monitoring
The IAQ during the office hours is good: The CO2-concentrations are
very low: max.450 ppm (= far below the limit concentration of
1200ppm) due to the quite high air supply (intensive ventilation).
Summer monitoring (4…)
Questionnaires
E. Pihl & Son AS
Building
Presentation
of the building
Ventilation
strategy &
technology
Monitoring
set-up
Summer
monitoring
Winter
monitoring
Conclusions
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In addition to the measurements, the occupants filled in two questionnaires
concerning their views on various environmental conditions in their
office. One questionnaire concerned the summer season in general
and the other concerned one week in particular (in the summer
season), namely the one in which the questionnaires were handed out.
Each occupant indicated his/her rating of each of the conditions
(temperature, air movement etc.) by placing vertical marks on
dimensionless, horizontal lines of equal length ranging from most
positive (comfortable, fresh etc.) to most negative (uncomfortable,
stuffy etc.). The rating is quantified by measuring (in millimetres) the
distance along each line from most positive to the occupant’s mark.
For practical purposes, the ratings have been converted into the range
0-100.
The next slide summarises the ratings concerning the summer season in
general.
NatVent
Summer monitoring (5...)
Questionnaires
E. Pihl & Son AS
Building
Presentation
of the building
Ventilation
strategy &
technology
Monitoring
set-up
Summer
monitoring
Winter
monitoring
Conclusions
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Averages of about 50 occupants ratings of various environmental conditions
in their office during working hours.
0
20
40
Temperature
Temperature
Comfortable
Airmovement
movement
Air
Comfortable
Air quality
Air quality
Fresh
Odour intensity
intensity
Odour
Odourless
Acceptability
Acceptability
Acceptable
Light
Light
Satisfactory 25
Noise
Noise
Satisfactory
Overall comfort
comfort
Satisfactory
NatVent
60
42
80
100
Uncomfortable
41
Uncomfortable
Stuffy
42
Smelly
26
Due to
internal noise
29
Not acceptable
Unsatisfactory
54
39
Unsatisfactory
Unsatisfactory
Summer monitoring (6...)
Findings
E. Pihl & Son AS
Building
Presentation
of the building
Ventilation
strategy &
technology
Monitoring
set-up
Summer
monitoring
Winter
monitoring

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Thermal comfort in summer:
Despite the intensive ventilation, internal temperatures are often too
high (>28°C). This problem is due to:

Large solar gains: the building has large glazed areas and limited
shading device (internal blinds)

Problems with the control system were encountered. Most
problematic was it, that the automatic opening of both the
skylights and the vents in the offices was unreliable, leading to an
inefficient night-time cooling effect and hence, elevated
temperatures in the offices from early morning.
Summer monitoring (7|)
Findings
E. Pihl & Son AS
Building
Presentation
of the building
Ventilation
strategy &
technology
Monitoring
set-up
Summer
monitoring
Winter
monitoring
Conclusions

Thermal comfort in summer:
… However, the occupants expressed only limited dissatisfaction
with the thermal environment. Presumably, the occupants
themselves, together with the manager in charge of the technical
installations, were able to manually control both the ventilation
openings and the internal blinds and thereby quickly obtain
acceptable conditions. High internal air velocities can partly
compensate for the high indoor temperature. The high level of user
satisfaction is attributable to the availability of manuals controls.

Indoor Air Quality:
The IAQ can be considered as good:
The measured CO2 - concentrations are low.
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Winter monitoring (1...)
Indoor (average of 4 offices) & outdoor
temperatures during a two months period
E. Pihl & Son AS
Building
30
Tint.
25
20
15
10
Mon 05.01.98
Mon 29.12.97
Mon 22.12.97
Mon 15.12.97
Mon 08.12.97
Mon 01.12.97
-5
Mon 24.11.97
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Mon 17.11.97
0
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Text.
5
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The internal temperature is comfortable
(21°C-23°C). During the weekends the
heating power is reduced.
Mon 10.11.97
Temperature [°C]
Presentation
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Ventilation
strategy &
technology
Monitoring
set-up
Summer
monitoring
Winter
monitoring
Winter monitoring (2...)
CO2 concentration
CO2 concentration outdoor and indoor. Indoor CO2 is averaged from
recordings taken simultaneously in office 3, 4 and 5.
NatVent
800
Indoor
CO2-conc.
600
400
Outdoor
CO2-conc.
During the weekend the internal
CO2-concentration equals the
outdoor CO2-concentration
200
Tue 09.12.97
Mon 08.12.97
Sun 07.12.97
Sat 06.12.97
Fri 05.12.97
Thu 04.12.97
Wed 03.12.97
Tue 02.12.97
Mon 01.12.97
Sun 30.11.97
0
Sat 29.11.97
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1000
Fri 28.11.97
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The IAQ during the office hours is good:
The CO2-concentrations are below the
limit concentration of 1200ppm.
Thu 27.11.97
Conclusions
1200
Wed 26.11.97
Presentation
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Ventilation
strategy &
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Monitoring
set-up
Summer
monitoring
Winter
monitoring
CO2 concentration [ppm]
E. Pihl & Son AS
Building
Winter monitoring (3...)
results of measurements in office 5
E. Pihl & Son AS
Building
NatVent
800
Indoor
CO2-conc.
30
20
Limited air supply,
to control the IAQ
10
600
400
During the weekend the air
supply could be more limited,
to reduce the energy losses
Outdoor
CO2-conc.
200
Air supply
Tue 09.12.97
Mon 08.12.97
Sun 07.12.97
Sat 06.12.97
Fri 05.12.97
Thu 04.12.97
Wed 03.12.97
Tue 02.12.97
Mon 01.12.97
Sun 30.11.97
0
Sat 29.11.97
0
CO2 concentration [ppm]
40
Fri 28.11.97
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The IAQ during the office hours is acceptable:
The indoor CO2 -concentrations are below the
limit concentration of 1200ppm.
Thu 27.11.97
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1000
Wed 26.11.97
Conclusions
50
Temperature [°C], Air supply [l·s-1·m-2]
Presentation
of the building
Ventilation
strategy &
technology
Monitoring
set-up
Summer
monitoring
Winter
monitoring
Winter monitoring (4...)
Questionnaires
E. Pihl & Son AS
Building
Presentation
of the building
Ventilation
strategy &
technology
Monitoring
set-up
Summer
monitoring
Winter
monitoring
Conclusions
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In addition to the measurements, the occupants filled in two questionnaires
concerning their views on various environmental conditions in their
office. One questionnaire concerned the winter season in general
and the other concerned one week in particular (in the winter
season), namely the one in which the questionnaires were handed out.
Each occupant indicated his/her rating of each of the conditions
(temperature, air movement etc.) by placing vertical marks on
dimensionless, horizontal lines of equal length ranging from most
positive (comfortable, fresh etc.) to most negative (uncomfortable,
stuffy etc.). The rating is quantified by measuring (in millimetres) the
distance along each line from most positive to the occupant’s mark.
For practical purposes, the ratings have been converted into the range
0-100.
The next slide summarises the ratings concerning the winter season in
general.
NatVent
Winter monitoring (5...)
Questionnaires
E. Pihl & Son AS
Building
Averages of about 75 occupants ratings of various environmental conditions
in their office during working hours:
Presentation
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Ventilation
strategy &
technology
Monitoring
set-up
Summer
monitoring
Winter
monitoring
Temperature
Temperature
Comfortable 26
movement
AirAir
movement
Comfortable
Air quality
Air quality
Fresh
Odourintensity
intensity
Odour
Odourless
Conclusions
Acceptability
Acceptability
Acceptable
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0
20
60
Light
Noise
Noise
Satisfactory
Overallcomfort
comfort
Overall
Satisfactory
80
100
Uncomfortable
33
Uncomfortable
35
Stuffy
28
Smelly
26
Not acceptable
Satisfactory22
Light
NatVent
40
Unsatisfactory
43
32
Unsatisfactory
Unsatisfactory
Winter monitoring (6|)
Findings
E. Pihl & Son AS
Building
Presentation
of the building
Ventilation
strategy &
technology
Monitoring
set-up
Summer
monitoring
Winter
monitoring
Conclusions

Winter indoor conditions are comfortable
 During occupancy period the indoor temperature in the offices is
between 21 and 23 ºC, the CO2 concentration is about 800-1000
ppm and outdoor supply equals air change rates of about 2-5
times per hour.
 During weekends and out of office hours the indoor
temperature drops to about 20 ºC, the CO2 concentration to near
background level (400 ppm) and the air supply to close to zero.
However the energy consumption can be optimised by reducing
the ventilation losses during the weekends.

The indications are that the occupants found the indoor environment to
be more comfortable during the winter-time than in the summer-time. In
the summer-time, the thermal comfort is more critical than during the
winter.
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Conclusions (1...)
E. Pihl & Son AS
Building
Presentation
of the building
Ventilation
strategy &
technology
Monitoring
set-up
Summer
monitoring
Winter
monitoring
Findings from summer monitoring
Thermal summer comfort:
Conclusions
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Despite the high ventilation levels, internal temperatures are
frequently too high (>28°C). This problem is due to:

Large solar gains: the building has large glazed areas and limited
shading device (internal blinds)

Problems with the control system were encountered. Most
problematic was it, that the automatic opening of both the
skylights and the vents in the offices was unreliable, leading to an
inefficient night-time cooling effect and hence, elevated
temperatures in the offices from early morning.
Conclusions (2|)
E. Pihl & Son AS
Building
Presentation
of the building
Ventilation
strategy &
technology
Monitoring
set-up
Summer
monitoring
Winter
monitoring
Findings from winter monitoring

Winter indoor conditions are comfortable
 During occupancy period the indoor temperature in the offices is
between 21 and 23 ºC, the CO2 concentration is about 800-1000 ppm
and fresh air supplies between 2 and 5 air changes per hour.
 During weekends and out of office hours the indoor temperature
drops to about 20 ºC, the CO2 concentration to near background level
(400 ppm) and the air supply to close to zero. However the energy
consumption can be optimised by reducing the ventilation losses
during the weekends.

The indications are that the occupants found the indoor environment to be
more comfortable during the winter-time than in the summer-time.In the
summer-time, thermal comfort is more critical than during the winter.
Conclusions
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More information...
E. Pihl & Son AS
Building
Presentation
of the building
Ventilation
strategy &
technology
Monitoring
set-up
Summer
monitoring
Winter
monitoring
Find more information on the PROBE building in the following documents:
\Reports \Monitoring Reports \Summary Reports\dk1summ.pdf
 global presentation of the buildings (4p./building)
 contents: building description - ventilation strategy and technology winter and summer monitoring results - conclusions
\Reports \Monitoring Reports \Detailed Reports\dk1det.pdf
 detailed reports of all 19 monitoring campaigns (20p./campaign)
 contents: monitoring set up - analysis of results - conclusions
Conclusions
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You can read and print pdf-files with the Acrobat® Reader
®3.0. Program. This program is free.
Download it from the Acrobat web site: www.adobe.com OR
run the installation file ar32e301(1).exe in the directory
\Installation