Transcript 1.3 The Development and Interactions of Early Agricultural, Pastoral

AP World History
 “Fertile
Crescent”
ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY
 Tigris and Euphrates River
 Little rain, but floods provided for rich soil
 Need for water supply led to irrigation system (and
an organized government)

Around 3000 BCE
 “Gift
of the Nile”
 Regular floods
 Red Land Vs. Black Land
 Upper and Lower Egypt
 Natural barriers offered
protection from invasion
 Lots of natural resources
 Indus
River floods
twice a year
 Two crops a year
instead of one
 900
– 250 BCE
 In modern day
Peru (Andean
region)
 Domesticated
Llamas
 Large capital city
 Began metallurgy
(silver, gold)
Central America
(modern Guatemala)
 1200-400 BCE
 Large agricultural and
fishing industry
 Giant heads
 Laid out cities in
alignment with the
stars
 Merchants trade
obsidian, jade, and
pottery

A. States were powerful new systems
of rule that mobilized surplus labor
and resources over large areas. Early
states were often led by a ruler whose
source of power was believed to be
divine or had divine support, and who
was supported by the religious
hierarchy and professional warriors.
 1st
organized civilization
 5000 BCE-2000 BCE
 City-states


Inter-dependant
Agricultural areas plus the City
 Built
ziggurats and irrigation system
 Political power held by

Temples



Landholders
Held power before royalty
Palaces

“lugal”
 Central

administration in the capital
Changed with the different kingdoms
 Bureaucracies




Kept track of land, people, taxes, and labor
Collected goods for the capital, temples, and to
construct monuments
If central power was strong, bureaucrats were chosen by
merit
If central powers were weak, the offices became
hereditary as they gained more autonomous power
 2700
to 2200 BCE
 Menes combined upper and lower Egypt to create
an Empire ruled by dynasties
 Pharaoh was seen as a god

Absolute power
 Bureaucracy


developed
Vizier was Pharaoh’s representative
42 Departments w/ governors for each
 2050
to 1652 B.C.E
 Image of Pharaoh changed from impersonal
god-like figure to someone who was a protector
of the people
 Egypt expanded
 Developed vast trade
 New public works projects
Wall of Princes and a pyramid for every Pharaoh was
built
 Drainage to get more farmland

 1500-1750
BCE
 Conflict arose between the priests and the
Pharaoh

Pharaoh Akhenaton attempted to create
monotheism with his wife Nefertiti
ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY
 Gov’t
system is unclear because the written
language is not deciphered
 Longshan
culture first to build walls
 Towns and cities began to include nonfarmers
 Began to make silk
 First dynasty called Xia


Possibly a mythical dynasty
Emperors of this dynasty had hero characteristics
 Around
the Yellow River Valley,
but claimed vassals in the west
 Kept slaves (war captives)
 Accurate calendar for farming
purposes
 Advanced astronomy and
geometry
 Food surplus
 Specialization


Horse carriages
Compound bow
B. As states grew and competed for land and
resources, the more favorably situated — including the
Hittites, who had access to iron — had greater access
to resources, produced more surplus food and
experienced growing populations. These states were
able to undertake territorial expansion and conquer
surrounding states.
C. Early regions of state expansion or empire building
were Mesopotamia and Babylonia — Sumerians,
Akkadians and Babylonians — and Egypt and Nubia
along the Nile Valley.
 Many
city-states expanded outside their city
center
 They did not last long nor did they have a
huge impact
 Spread the worship of each cities’ main deity
until the next city-state exapnded
Lugal was able to break away from the temples
and create his own palace
 Political peak was under Sargon I from 2334–2279
BCE






Sargon claimed to be the son of La'ibum and a
priestess of Ishtar
He worked in irrigation projects, which allowed him
to manage many laborers
He conquered Mesopotamia and into the
Mediterranean regions, where he erected statues of
his victories
Spread the use of Akkadian language throughout the
region
The Empire collapsed in 2154 BCE
 Akkadian
speaking Semitic people group
 Created a new empire out of old Akkadian
lands
 Hammurabi



Part of the Amorite Dynasty 1894–1595 BC
Created a taxation system, a bureaucracy, and a
law code
Invaded what will become Persia and fought with
Assyrians
 There
were a couple of other dynasties prior
to next major Empire: the Assyrians
 Egyptian
gained and lost control of Nubia
throughout the different kingdoms
 The interest was in gold
 During the Midddle Kingdom, one of the
dynasties had Nubian Pharaohs
 The relationship was often one of
cooperation
Pastoralists were often the developers and
disseminators of new weapons (such as compound
bows or iron weapons) and modes of transportation
(such as chariots or horseback riding) that transformed
warfare in agrarian civilizations.