Transcript Egypt PowerPoint Notes

Geography of Egypt
What
can we
learn
from
this
image?
What can we learn from this
image?
• Where do you think the
majority of the people
lived?
• Describe what the
Green and Tan areas of
the map?
• How could the location
of Egypt help it grow
into a great civilization?
Ancient Egyptian Song
“Hail O Nile, who comes from
the earth, who comes to give
life to the people of Egypt”
What are the benefits of living
near a river?
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Water to drink
Water for farming
Washing
Transportation
Fishing
Hunting animals
Mud for building
The Nile
• Longest river in the world
• 4145 miles
• Flows to the north from the Ethiopian
highlands high lands to the Mediterranean
sea.
• Begins as two separate rivers-Blue and
White Nile
The Nile
• Lower EgyptNorth Egypt
near the
delta. North
of Memphis
• Upper EgyptSouth of
Memphis
The Delta
• A delta is the land at the mouth of a
river that is formed by mud and sand as
it is deposited by a large river.
Nile Delta from Space
Herodotus
“Gifts of The Nile”
• About 2,500 years ago, Herodotus, a Greek visitor
to ancient Egypt called Egypt the “Gifts of The
Nile”.
• The gifts of the Nile were very important to the
Egyptians.
• What are the Gifts?
Herodotus
Gifts of the Nile #1-Silt
Black Soil/Silt was left by the
floods.
>The Silt recharged the soil
> Allowed Farmers to grow a surplus
of crops.
Herodotus
Gifts of the Nile #2-Papyrus
• Papyrus- Large reed that grew wild along
the river.
• They used it to make mats, boats, baskets,
ropes, sandals…
• Strips glued together in sheets made paper.
Long sheet is a scroll.
Kemet KMT
• The Egyptians called their
land Kemet or the Black
Land.
• They called it Kemet
because of the rich black
farm land (silt).
Irrigation
• Each year the river would flood.
• Heavy rains and melting snow from
central Africa caused the floods
• Nile floods were more gentle and
dependable compared to Mesopotamia.
Irrigation
To take advantage of the annual flooding of the
Nile, the people built irrigation channels to carry
water into fields
Shaduff- Irrigation tool
Natural Boundaries
• The Sahara Desert (Eastern and
Western Deserts) are located next to
the Nile.
• The Mediterranean Sea to the North
• Red Sea to the East.
Natural Boundaries
• 6 Cataracts throughout the Nile.
• Cataracts are rapids, waterfalls.
Made transportation difficult in some
areas.
• The boundaries made Egypt less prone
to invasion.
Pharaohs and Kings of
Ancient Egypt
Monarchy
• Government/rule by one. They ruled
with divine power (power from god)
• The Pharaoh was treated as a living god
• The kingdom depended on a strong
leader.
• Had absolute power.
• Pharaoh (King)= Great House
Pharaoh
The Pharaoh acted like and was treated
as a living god.
Considered the Pharaoh to be the son
of Ra the Sun God.
Egyptians serviced and honored the
Pharaoh in his after life. They believed
that they passed to another type of
world and still had power over them.
Regent- Someone who rules for a child until child is old
enough to rule.
Dynasty- A series of rulers from the same family
King Menes
• Was King of Upper Egypt
• United Upper and Lower
Egypt
• Created the first empire
in Egypt
• He is known for combining
the two crowns
• White crown for Upper
Egypt, red crown for
Lower Egypt
King Khufu
• Known for creating
the largest
pyramid at Giza
• Ruled during 4th
Dynasty
• Also known as
Cheops
Queen Hatshepsut
Served as a Regent for her young son
Thutmose III
• Declared herself pharaoh in 1503 B.C.
angering her son, the rightful heir to the
Kingdom
• Created a time of peace and economic
success.
• “Disappeared” when Thutmose III led a
revolt to gain power
Thutmose III
• Destroyed as much evidence as
possible of his stepmother to kill
her in the afterlife
• Known as great military leader
• “Napoleon of Ancient Egypt”
• Treated defeated people with
mercy
• In his 54 years of rule, he
captured over 350 cities
• Buried in the Valley of the Kings
Amenhotep IV/ Akhenaten
• Changed Ancient Egyptian
Religion to monotheism
• Took the name Akhenaten,
which means servant to Aten
• Aten, god and disk of the
sun
• Married to Nefertiti
• Believed to be the father of
Tutankhamun
• Often considered the heretic
king
Tutankhamun
• Known as the “Boy King”
• Married one of his half
sisters
• Helped to restore the
Ancient Egyptian belief in
polytheism
• Took over the throne when
he was only 9
• Died around the age of 19
due to a head injury
• Buried in the Valley of the
Kings
Ramesses II
• Known as Ramesses the
Great
• Had 200 wives, 96 sons and
60 daughters
• Believed to have lived for 96
years
• He was originally buried in
the Valley of the Kings, but
was moved to avoid looting
Cleopatra
• Cleopatra was the
last pharaoh of
Egypt.
• Rome took
control of Egypt
following her
death in 30 B.C.
Valley of the Kings
• Used from the 18th Dynasty
to 20th Dynasty
• Common burial ground for
kings/ pharaohs
• Often robbed by common
thieves
• Recent discoveries have
occur in KV 5, this is
Ramesses II tomb of his
sons
Power and God in Egypt
Pyramids
Egyptians would build large Pyramids as
burial chambers for the dead Pharaohs.
-One of the seven
wonders of the world
-Taller than the Empire state
building
The Great Sphinx is
part of the funerary
complex of the
Egyptian pharaoh,
Khafre, who reigned
between 2558 and
2532 B.C. more than
4,000 years ago.
Stones from the Great Pyramid in Giza
The First Pyramid was the Step pyramid
The Pharaoh’s Mummy
The body was mummified in preparation for the next world.
The body was placed in a large tomb, with all his worldly
possessions gold, jewels, perfumes, furniture.
Mummy Vocabulary
Natron- a natural salt used to dry the body.
4000 square feet of linen was used to wrap the mummy.
Canopic Jars- All the vital organs were stored in 4
containers carved to represent 4 gods.
The Ba and Ka
• Ba- The personality of the deceased. The Ba could
leave the body and travel to the heavens. The ba
needed to be able to recognize its body,
• Ka- Invisible twin of the deceased. The soul. Needed
food and water to live. Did not leave the tomb.
Book of the Dead
What are they doing in the document above?
The Book of the Dead
• The book of the dead was a description of
the ancient Egyptian afterlife and a
collection of hymns, spells, and
instructions to allow the deceased to pass
into the afterlife. The book of the dead was
most commonly written on a papyrus scroll
and placed in the coffin or burial chamber
of the deceased
Entering the afterlife
• Thoth would weigh the heart (ka) against the
feather (maat).
• Maat- Feather of truth, justice
•
If the person had a good life (light hearted)
they could enter the heavens and reside in the
realm of Osiris. Heavy hearted (bad deeds) the
monster god Ammut would swallow the heart and
the Ka could not enter the heavens.
Ankh-eternal life
Quic kTime™ and a
dec ompres sor
are needed to see this pic ture.
Osiris
AnubisGod of
mummification
OsirisGod of the Dead
Lord of the
Underworld
Thoth- The
god of
writing and
knowledge
Ammut
Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphics
and the Rosetta Stone
Hieroglyphics
• Hieroglyphics-Picture
writing that was inscribed
on pyramid tomb walls,
temples, monuments, and
papyrus.
• Papyrus-Egyptian paper
made from the inside of a
papyrus plant.
Hieroglyphics
• At first, each hieroglyphic stood for a whole word
or meaning.
• As writing advanced, most hieroglyphics could
be used to stand for sounds to spell out words.
Hieroglyphics
• Scribes- Spent several
years going to a special
school to learn the
complicated system.
• Scribes wrote down
messages, names, and other
important information in
hieroglyphics.
• Scribes eliminated vowels
when writing to make it
quicker and easier.
• There are over 600 different
hieroglyphic symbols.
Cartouche
• Cartouche-A twisted
double loop of rope
tied at one end.
• Names of pharaohs
and important leaders
were written inside a
cartouche.
Rosetta Stone
• In 1799, Napoleon's
troops found a black
stone in Rosetta,
Egypt.
• The Rosetta stone
had a document
inscribed in Greek,
Hieroglyphic and
Demotic.
Rosetta Stone
• Jean Francois
Champollion- figured out
the complicated
translation in 1820.
• Champollion used the
Greek letters on the stone
to figure out the
meanings of the
hieroglyphics.
• Champollion’s results
unlocked many ancient
mysteries!