Transcript Egypt

Egyptian Timeline
http://www.wsu.edu:8
000/~dee/EGYPT/TIM
ELINE.HTM
Life in Egypt
A Nobleman at Work
The British Museum. Egyptian Life. http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/life/home.html
Wall paintings from the tomb of Nebamun, a Theban
nobleman (c. 1400 BCE)
What do these
pictures tell you
about his daily
life?
Fowling
The British Museum. Egyptian Life.http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/life/home.html
Measuring Time
Symbol for Eternity
The Water Clock
• At night, the temple priest
carefully watched the water
clock. As the evening fell, the
clock was filled with water.
During the night, the water
dripped out a hole in the
bottom. He checked the
water level during the night to
determiine when to perform
nightly rituals.
The British Museum. Egyptian Life. http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/life/home.html
Cartouches: used to measure
years via reign of princes
Egyptian Homes
Materials:
Mud Bricks
for Houses
The British Museum. Egyptian Life. http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/life/home.html
Decoration
from the
Palace of
Amenhotep
III at of
Malkata
Silverman, David P. 50 Wonders of Tutankhamun. New York: Crown Publishers. 1978.
Models of Ancient Egyptian Houses
Three-story
townhouse?
(second one terracotta, with front courtyard)
Handicapped
accessibility?
The British Museum. Egyptian Life. http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/life/home.html
Painting of Typical Three-Story
House of Wealthier Egyptians
A Nobleman’s Estate
.http://nefertiti.iwebland.com/timelines/topics/housing.htm
Floor plan of a nobleman's
compound, Akhetaten (El Amarna)
• adjacent garden and agricultural yards - separated
each other by a wall
• The estate –
– largely self sufficient
– run by a steward but supervised by the main wife
– including silos and stables, was surrounded by a wall, the
entrance guarded by a lodge keeper.
• Servants quarters - separated from the main house
by a yard.
• Workshops, stables, storage rooms and kitchen near by.
• The master's family - in the main house
– Harem -women’s quarters (not like Muslim harems)
http://nefertiti.iwebland.com/timelines/topics/housing.htm
Gardens
Royal Couple in
a Garden
.http://nefertiti.iwebland.com/timelines/topics/housing.htm
Traditional Workers’ Housing
“At Gizeh 4th dynasty
apartments have
been found consisting
of a small vestibule, a
main room, and a
small niche or inner
room which probably
served as a
bedroom.”
Basic 2½ room flat –
shotgun style
http://nefertiti.iwebland.com/building/deir_el_medine.htm
Killen, Geoffrey. Cambridge University. http://www.geocities.com/gpkillen/materials.htm
Carpentry
Killen, Geoffrey. Cambridge University. http://www.geocities.com/gpkillen/materials.htm
Carpentry
Tools of Early Dynasty
Adse
Ancient Egyptian Furniture
Killen, Geoffrey. Cambridge University. http://www.geocities.com/gpkillen/materials.htm
http://www.geocities.com/gpkillen/index.html
First Dynasty Bedframe
structure of a
bedframe leg
(dynasty uncertain)
Killen, Geoffrey. Cambridge University. http://www.geocities.com/gpkillen/materials.htm
Wooden Box – Old Kingdom
Killen, Geoffrey. Cambridge University. http://www.geocities.com/gpkillen/materials.htm
Table - Middle Kingdom
Killen, Geoffrey. Cambridge University. http://www.geocities.com/gpkillen/materials.htm
Stool - New Kingdom
Killen, Geoffrey. Cambridge University. http://www.geocities.com/gpkillen/materials.htm
Chair, Eighteenth Dynasty
The Louvre, Paris, France
Killen, Geoffrey. Cambridge University. http://www.geocities.com/gpkillen/materials.htm; http://www.humanities-interactive.org/ancient/tut/768/ex080_03d.jpg
Chair of Sitamum, daughter of
Amenhotep III
Silverman, David P. 50 Wonders of Tutankhamun. New York: Crown Publishers. 1978.
Shrine Box, King Tutenkhamen
The Egyptian Museum, Cairo
Detail of lid
Killen, Geoffrey. Cambridge University. http://www.geocities.com/gpkillen/materials.htm; http://www.humanities-interactive.org/ancient/tut/768/ex080_03d.jpg
Stool, King Tutenkhamen
The Egyptian Museum, Cairo
.
Killen, Geoffrey. Cambridge University
http://www.geocities.com/gpkillen/materials.htm; http://www.humanities-interactive.org/ancient/tut/768/ex080_03d.jpg
Chest on Legs, King Tutenkhamen
The Egyptian Museum, Cairo
Golden Thrones of King Tutenkhamen
The Egyptian Museum, Cairo
Killen, Geoffrey. Cambridge University. http://www.geocities.com/gpkillen/materials.htm; http://www.humanitiesinteractive.org/ancient/tut/768/ex080_03d.jpg. Silverman, David P. 50 Wonders of Tutankhamun. New York: Crown Publishers.
Inlaid Chair of King Tutenkhamen
Silverman, David P. 50 Wonders of Tutankhamun. New York: Crown Publishers. 1978
.
Golden Shrine of King Tutenkhamen
Silverman, David P. 50 Wonders of Tutankhamun. New York: Crown Publishers. 1978.
Small Container in the Shape of a
Double Cartouche of King Tutenkhamen
Silverman, David P. 50 Wonders of Tutankhamun. New York: Crown Publishers. 1978.
Daily Life –Family Structure
Nuclear Family: The father was responsible for the
economic well-being of the family, and the mother
supervised the household and cared for the
upbringing of the children. Although Egyptian
children had toys, . . . much of their time was spent
preparing for adulthood. . . . Peasant children
accompanied their parents into the fields; the male
offspring of craftsmen often served as apprentices to
their fathers. Privileged children sometimes received
formal education to become scribes or army officers.
Life in Ancient Egypt. http://www.carnegiemuseums.org/cmnh/exhibits/egypt/dailylife.htm
Daily Life - Furnishings
(Simple in design)
The most common piece of furniture was
a low stool, used by all Egyptians including
the pharaoh. These stools were made
from wood, had leather or woven rush
seats, and had three or four legs.
Life in Ancient Egypt. http://www.carnegiemuseums.org/cmnh/exhibits/egypt/dailylife.htm
Copies of the few simple furnishings
in the common Egyptian home
Most kitchens were equipped with a cylindrical, baked clay
stove for cooking. Food was stored in wheel-made pottery. The
basic cooking equipment was a two-handled pottery saucepan.
http://www.virtual-egypt.com/gallery/ gallery.cgi?action=view&link=_ Tours/Karnak&image=karnak_01.jpg&img=&tt=img
Clothing – simple
style
• Kilts for men
• Long, straight dresses
for women
Methethy
(varies slightly from canon of
proportions; remarkably well
preserved)
from Sakkara
Late V Dynasty (c. 2420 BCE
Polychromed wood31 5/8” high
Nelson Gallery of Art Atkins Museum. Handbook. Volume 1.Kansas City. 1973.
Elaborate Costume Jewelry for both Sexes
Types: earrings, bracelets,
anklets, rings, and beaded
necklaces.
Components: jewelry
many minerals including
amethyst, garnet, jasper,
onyx, turquoise, and lapis
lazuli, as well as copper,
gold, and shells;
amulets to ward off evil.
http://www.virtual-egypt.com/gallery/
gallery.cgi?action=view&link=_
Tours/Karnak&image=karnak_01.jpg&img
=&tt=img
Cosmetics
Bottle Top
Cosmetics
• Uses: for appearance and for personal hygiene and health
•Many cosmetics found in tombs - vital importance
against the hot Egyptian sun and dry winds.
•Items: Eye paint, both green and black, is probably the
most characteristic of the Egyptian cosmetics.
•Sources: green pigment, malachite, made from copper;
black paint (kohl) made from lead or soot - was usually kept
in a small pot with a flat bottom, wide rim, tiny mouth, and a
flat, disk-shaped lid.
http://www.virtual-egypt.com/gallery/ gallery.cgi?action=view&link=_ Tours/Karnak&image=karnak_01.jpg&img=&tt=img
Games: Senet - a board game
from ancient Egypt
Board games were very common in
ancient Egypt and people from all levels of
society played them. Many game boards
from ancient Egypt have been found by
archaeologists. However, the rules
explaining how to play these games have
not survived. By studying game boards
and other evidence, experts have made
some educated guesses about how these
games were played.
The British Museum. Egyptian Life. http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/life/home.html
How to play Senet
• Throw the sticks to see how many squares to move your
piece forward.
• If you throw a one, four, or six, you get an extra turn.
• You can't land on one of your own pieces.
• If you land on the other player's piece, you switch places
with them. However, you can't switch with them if they
have two or more pieces in a row.
• If the other player has three or more pieces in a row, you
can't pass them.
• Some squares are ‘safe' squares and some are ‘danger'
squares. You will learn what they are as you play.
• The first player to get all of their pieces off the board
wins the game.
•
The British Museum. Egyptian Life. http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/life/home.html
Transportation
Boat with Cockswain and Oarsmen
XII Dynasty (c. 2000-1788 BCE)
Painted wood
38 ½” long
Nelson Gallery of Art Atkins Museum. Handbook. Volume 1.Kansas City. 1973.
De La Croiux, Horst, et al. Gardner’s Art Through The Ages, 9E. New York. Harcourt, Brace Jovanovich. 1991.
Artwork
• Media: wall murals, furniture, wood and stone
statues, painting on papyrus scrolls, pottery
painting
• Subject Matter: royalty, gods, nature, daily life
“The standard Egyptian relief portrait, as it came to be established
during the Old Kingdom, required each part of the body to be
presented in strict proportion, with its essential aspect to the viewer
Canon of
Proportions
(shoulders forward, head turned, legs sideways and striding). An
icon of Egyptian art, anatomically impossible, it's also a strangely
lifelike arrangement”
De La Croiux, Horst, et al. Gardner’s Art Through The Ages, 9E. New York. Harcourt, Brace Jovanovich. 1991
Music and Dancing
Detail of wall painting from tomb of Nebamun
Thebes, C. 14000 BCE
Fragment 11 ¾ x 2w7 ¼”
British Museum, London
.
Ancient Egypt en
toto was formed
during the Early
Dynastic period
from two basic
areas: Upper
Egypt and Lower
Egypt.
http://www.virtual-egypt.com/gallery/
gallery.cgi?action=view&link=_
Tours/Karnak&image=karnak_01.jpg&i
mg=&tt=img
• “Upper Egypt was the long,
narrow strip of ancient Egypt
located south of the Delta.
This area is composed of
four topographic zones: the
Nile River, the floodplain, the
low desert, and the high
desert. Each of these zones
was exploited differently by
the ancient Egyptians.”
• Lower Egypt was west of
the delta and Upper Egypt.
http://www.virtual-egypt.com/gallery/ gallery.cgi?action=view&link=_
Tours/Karnak&image=karnak_01.jpg&img=&tt=img
Geography
“The ancient Egyptians thought of
Egypt as being divided into two
types of land, the 'black land' and the 'red
land'. The 'black land' was the fertile land
on the banks of the Nile. The ancient
Egyptians used this land for growing their
crops. This was the only land in ancient
Egypt that could be farmed because a
layer of rich, black silt was deposited
there every year after the Nile flooded.”
The British Museum. Egyptian Life. http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/life/home.html
Geography
“The 'red land' was the barren
desert that protected Egypt
on two sides. These deserts
separated ancient Egypt from neighboring
countries and invading armies. They also
provided the ancient Egyptians with a source for
precious metals and semi-precious stones.”
The British Museum. Egyptian Life. http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/life/home.html
Egyptian Religion
from the The World Book
Encyclopedia. Field
Enterprises Educational
Corporation. 1973.
The Creation Story of Egyptian
Dieties
Link to Gods and
Goddesses:
http://www.ancientegy
pt.co.uk/gods/story/m
ain.html
(Source: British Museum)
• The final step in the transition to the
afterlife was the judgment by Osiris,
god of the underworld, in a ritual
known as the Weighing of the Heart. If a
person had led a decent life, he or she
would be judged worthy of eternal life.
Many spells and rituals were designed to
ensure a favorable judgment and were
written in the papyrus or linen "Book of the
Dead."
Life in Ancient Egypt. http://www.carnegiemuseums.org/cmnh/exhibits/egypt/dailylife.htm
• All ancient Egyptians believed in the afterlife
and spent their lives preparing for it.
Pharaohs built the finest tombs, collected the
most elaborate funerary equipment, and were
mummified in the most expensive way. Others
were able to provide for their afterlives according
to their earthly means. Regardless of their
wealth, however, they all expected the afterlife to
be an idealized version of their earthly existence.
Life in Ancient Egypt. http://www.carnegiemuseums.org/cmnh/exhibits/egypt/dailylife.htm
Annubis
“Mythology.” Reprinted from the The World Book
Encyclopedia. Field Enterprises Educational
Corporation. 1973.
Ka
spirit which came into
being at the time of a
person's birth
Life in Ancient Egypt. http://www.carnegiemuseums.org/cmnh/exhibits/egypt/dailylife.htm
Ba
on a Coffin Fragment
gessoed wood, paint)
Dynasty XXI
(ca. 1070-945 B.C.)
Provenience unknown
Length 33 cm; width 27
cm
ACC. 2983-6551
“The ba was spirit-like, most
often depicted . . . as a
human-headed bird. . . . [It]
could travel with the sun
barque across the sky on its
daily journey or leave the
tomb and visit the world of the
living, returning each night to
rejoin the deceased. The ba
often was present alongside
the deceased at his judgment
before Osiris.”
Life in Ancient Egypt. http://www.carnegiemuseums.org/cmnh/exhibits/egypt/dailylife.htm
Statue of
Amenhotep
Being
Conducted
into the
Afterlife by
Amon
Silverman, David P. 50 Wonders of Tutankhamun. New York: Crown Publishers. 1978.
Amun
and his
(the
God’s
Wife)
Hemet
Netjer
nt Imen
Hemet served as wife and high priestess of
Amun (a god-king) in the temple of Amun.
Other king’s wives later fill similar roles.
Parons, Marie. Tour Egypt. http://www.touregypt.net/karnak.htm
Neferure
Other God
Wives/Priestesses
Parsons, Marie. Tour Egypt. http://www.touregypt.net/karnak.htm
Priests in Ancient Egypt
Parsons, Marie. Priests in Ancient Egypt
. http://www.touregypt.net/karnak.htm
Predynasty Burial poles and Coffin
Killen, Geoffrey. Cambridge University. http://www.geocities.com/gpkillen/materials.htm
Shawabaty Statuettes of Tut
to accompany him to afterlife
Silverman, David P. 50 Wonders of Tutankhamun. New York: Crown Publishers. 1978.
Burial
Inscriptions
To protect the spirit of the deceased, scenes and
inscriptions were written on coffins and the walls
of tombs. These texts included such writings as
adaptations of the myth about the death of Osiris
and spells to protect the deceased on his or her
dangerous journey to the underworld. Figures
known as shabtis functioned as servants for the
deceased.
http://www.virtual-egypt.com/gallery/ gallery.cgi?action=view&link=_ Tours/Karnak&image=karnak_01.jpg&img=&tt=img
This ancient boat,
displayed in The Walton
Hall of Ancient Egypt,
dates to about 1859 B.C. It
may have been used in the
funeral rituals of
Senwosret III, a powerful
Dynasty XII Pharaoh.
Study of the boat has
yielded important
information about boat
building in ancient Egypt.
http://www.virtual-egypt.com/gallery/ gallery.cgi?action=view&link=_ Tours/Karnak&image=karnak_01.jpg&img=&tt=img
Psychostasis (soul raising) of
Hu-Nufer, Thebes
Painted papyrus scroll
2 3/4” high
British Museum, London
De La Croiux, Horst, et al. Gardner’s Art Through The Ages, 9E. New York. Harcourt, Brace Jovanovich. 1991.
Wooden statuette of a woman holding metal snakes
Dynasty XIII (1786-1633 BCE)
(The Manchester Museum, University of Manchester, England)
Egyptians viewed magic
favorably.. “The goddess of
magic, Heka (heka is also the
Egyptian word for 'magic'), to
whom shrines were dedicated in
Lower Egypt, was depicted in
human form (sometimes with a
snake head) holding a snakeshaped wand in each hand. The
snake wand, which was also
used by magicians, probably
represented Weret-hekau.”
Whitcomb,Christopher L.C. E. Minoan Snake Goddess. http://witcombe.sbc.edu/snakegoddess/minoanwomen.html
Temple Complexes
• LINK:
http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/temples/ho
me.html
(Source: British Museum)
Archeological Sites in Egypt
The British Museum. Egyptian Life. http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/life/home.html
Temples
“The ancient
Egyptians believed
that temples were
the homes of the
gods and
goddesses. Every
temple was
dedicated to a god
or goddess and he
or she was
worshipped there
by the temple
priests and the
pharoh.”
British Museum. http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/temples/home.html
Temple at Luxor
typical temple components and layout
The large temple
buildings were made
of stone [to] . . . last
forever. Their walls
were covered with
scenes . . . carved
onto the stone then
brightly painted.
These scenes
showed the pharaoh
fighting in battles and
performing rituals with
the gods and
goddesses.
The British Museum. Egyptian Life. http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/life/home.html
Karnak
(Luxor)
Parsons, Marie. Tour Egypt. http://www.touregypt.net/karnak.htm
Full map
of
Karnak
Temple
http://www.virtualegypt.com/gallery/gallery.c
gi?action=view&link=_Tour
s/Karnak&image=karnak_0
1.jpg&img=&tt=img
The Temple(s) of Karnak
• actually three main temples, smaller enclosed temples, and
several outer temples.
• built and enlarged over a thirteen hundred year period.
• main temples: Mut, Montu, and Amun - enclosed by enormous
brick walls.
• The main complex,
– Temple of Amun - in the center of the entire complex.
– Temple of Montu - north of the Temple of Amun,
– Temple of Ptah - next to Temple of Montu on the inside of the
enclosure wall
– Temple of Mut – to the south
• Temple dedicated to Khonshu
• Temple of Opet – next to temple of Khonshu
• A number of smaller temples and chapels spread about
Karnak
• Temple of Osiris Hek-Djet (Hedadjet) - inside the enclosure
wall of the Temple of Amun.
Pasons, Marie. Tour Egypt.. http://www.touregypt.net/karnak.htm
Open Air Museum - north of the first
courtyard, across from the Sacred Lake
Parsons, Marie. Tour Egypt. http://www.touregypt.net/karnak.htm
Sacred Lake
Possibly built under Amenhotep III
Parsons, Marie. Tour Egypt. http://www.touregypt.net/karnak.htm
Second Pylon of Karnak,
built by Ramasses II
The Hypostyle Hall, past the
Second Pylon, “is considered to
be one of the world's greatest
architectural masterpieces.
• Begun during the reign of
Ramessess I.
• Continued under Seti I, who also
built the Temple of Abydos and
many other temples.
• Completed by Seti's son,
Ramesses II.
http://www.touregypt.net/karnak.htm
The main
Avenue running
West to East
within the
complex leading
towards the
Hypostyle Hall
http://www.virtual-egypt.com/gallery/
gallery.cgi?action=view&link=_
Tours/Karnak&image=karnak_01.jpg&img=&tt=img
Parsons, Marie. Tour Egypt. http://www.touregypt.net/karnak.htm
Ram Headed Sphinxes
symbols of the god Amon;
guards for the Pharaoh
The Avenue of Rams leading to the West Gate of
the Karnak Temple Complex
http://www.virtual-egypt.com/gallery/gallery.cgi?action=view&link=_Tours/Karnak&image=karnak_01.jpg&img=&tt=img
Temple of Montu
Founded by Amenhotep III
Parsons, Marie. Tour Egypt. http://www.touregypt.net/karnak.htm
Temple of Amun-Ra
Parsons, Marie. Tour Egypt. http://www.touregypt.net/karnak.htm
Amon Ra at Night
Parons, Marie. Tour Egypt. http://www.touregypt.net/karnak.htm
Statue at
the
Temple of
Mut
Parsons, Marie. Tour Egypt. http://www.touregypt.net/karnak.htm
The Colossal
Statue of
Pinedjem in the
first courtyard
http://www.virtual-egypt.com/gallery/ gallery.cgi?action=view&link=_ Tours/Karnak&image=karnak_01.jpg&img=&tt=img
Two views of the
obelisk of Tutmose I
(c.1493-1479 B.C.).
Each side of the
obelisk has three
vertical lines of
inscription, the
central one a
dedication by
Thutmose I.
Parsons, Marie. Tour Egypt. http://www.touregypt.net/karnak.htm; http://www.virtual-egypt.com/gallery/
gallery.cgi?action=view&link=_ Tours/Karnak&image=karnak_01.jpg&img=&tt=img
Close up of
Lotus Column
http://www.virtual-egypt.com/gallery/
gallery.cgi?action=view&link=_
Tours/Karnak&image=karnak_01.jpg&i
mg=&tt=img
Hieroglyphic
inscription
describing the
creation of the
obelisks at
Karnak Temple
http://www.virtual-egypt.com/gallery/ gallery.cgi?action=view&link=_ Tours/Karnak&image=karnak_01.jpg&img=&tt=img
An example of how the Pharaohs were erased
by later cultures who invaded Egypt
Destruction of
an image was
symbolic of
death in the
afterlife.
http://www.virtual-egypt.com/gallery/ gallery.cgi?action=view&link=_ Tours/Karnak&image=karnak_01.jpg&img=&tt=img
Deeper
glyphs were
done to
prevent the
destruction
of images
and preserve
names
through
eternity.
http://www.virtual-egypt.com/gallery/ gallery.cgi?action=view&link=_ Tours/Karnak&image=karnak_01.jpg&img=&tt=img
Akh-Menu of Tuthmosis III (The Festival Hall;XVIII Dynasty;
aka the "Temple of Millions of Years" or "Hall of Annals"
http://www.virtual-egypt.com/gallery/ gallery.cgi?action=view&link=_ Tours/Karnak&image=karnak_01.jpg&img=&tt=img
Abu Simbel
Nubia
Abu Simbel in its
new location
http://www.touregypt.net/abusimbel.htm
“Not only are the two temples at Abu Simbel
among the most magnificent monuments in the
world but their removal and reconstruction was an
historic event in itself. When the temples (280 km
from Aswan) were threatened by submersion in
Lake Nasser [at completion of the Aswan High
Dam, the Egyptian Government enlisted the
support of UNESCO and the world to salvage the
site (1964-68)]. The two temples were dismantled
and raised over 60 meters up the sandstone cliff
where they had been built more than 3,000 years
before. . . . They were reassembled, in the exact
same relationship to each other and the sun, and
covered with an artificial mountain. Most of the
joins in the stone have now been filled by antiquity
experts, but inside the temples it is still possible to
see where the blocks were cut”
http://www.touregypt.net/abusimbel.htm
One of the most famous sites
today to visit in Egypt
Wide view of Carved Relief next to Abu Simbel.
Once part of the natural mountain but with the
construction of the facade this piece was
placed alone right next to the temple.
http://www.virtual-egypt.com/gallery/ gallery.cgi?action=view&link=_ Tours/Karnak&image=karnak_01.jpg&img=&tt=img
All four
statues of
Ramses II
Abu Simbel is a temple built by Ramesses II
(c.1279-1213 B.C.) in ancient Nubia, where he
wished to demonstrate his power and his divine
nature. Four colossal (65 feet/20 meters high)
statues of him sit in pairs flanking the entrance.
The head and torso of the statue to the left of the
entrance fell during ancient times, probably the
result of an earthquake.
Shrine
located
next to the
last statue
http://www.virtual-egypt.com/gallery/ gallery.cgi?action=view&link=_ Tours/Karnak&image=karnak_01.jpg&img=&tt=img
Relief on left
wall of
shrine
indicating an
offering to
Ramses II
http://www.virtual-egypt.com/gallery/ gallery.cgi?action=view&link=_ Tours/Karnak&image=karnak_01.jpg&img=&tt=img
• .
Osirian
Pillars
Size: 16 metres in width and 18 metres in length
Layout: 2 rows of 4 massive square pillars, each
fronted by a 9 metres tall figure of the king in Osiride
posture.
Object of support: a ceiling decorated with vultures.
http://www.virtual-egypt.com/gallery/ gallery.cgi?action=view&link=_ Tours/Karnak&image=karnak_01.jpg&img=&tt=img
Osirian Statue
The four statues of
Ramses II on the
north side of the hall.
These statues wear
the double crown.
The ones in front of
them only wear the
symbol of upper
Egypt (the white
crown). The king is
sculpted in an Osiride
posture.
http://www.virtual-egypt.com/gallery/ gallery.cgi?action=view&link=_ Tours/Karnak&image=karnak_01.jpg&img=&tt=img
Ceiling with Vultures
http://www.virtual-egypt.com/gallery/ gallery.cgi?action=view&link=_ Tours/Karnak&image=karnak_01.jpg&img=&tt=img
http://www.virtual-egypt.com/gallery/ gallery.cgi?action=view&link=_ Tours/Karnak&image=karnak_01.jpg&img=&tt=img
Ramses II
Smiting His
Enemies
Temple walls are
filled with similar
images.
http://www.virtual-egypt.com/gallery/ gallery.cgi?action=view&link=_
Tours/Karnak&image=karnak_01.jpg&img=&tt=img
The
Sanctuary
(61 meters inside the
mountain )
Famous because on 22 February and 22 October the first
sun shines of the day illuminate the statues of Ramses II,
Amon Ra (the sun god), and Ra-Harakhty (god of the rising
sun), leaving Ptah (god of the underworld and darkness) in
the dark.
When the temple was moved, experts calculated the exact
position and orientation to reconstruct it, so that the twiceyearly event could take place for some millenniums more.
Ramesis II
Making
Offerings to
the Gods
http://www.virtual-egypt.com/gallery/ gallery.cgi?action=view&link=_
Tours/Karnak&image=karnak_01.jpg&img=&tt=img
Sunken
Relief of
the god
Hapy, at
Abu
Simbel
As implied by his pregnant look, his androgyny
suggests the fertility of the land resulting from the
Nile flood, which he personified.
http://www.virtual-egypt.com/gallery/ gallery.cgi?action=view&link
=_ Tours/Karnak&image=karnak_01.jpg&img=&tt=img
View of Abu Simbel from the
Temple of Hathor
Temple of Ramesses II primarily is dedicated to ReHarakhte, and that of his wife, Nefertari is dedicated to
Hathor
http://web.kyoto-inet.or.jp/org/orion/eng/hst/egypt/abusimbel.html; http://www.touregypt.net/abusimbel.htm
Six giant sculptures of the Queen Nefertari
and of Ramses II himself decorate the facade
of Nefertari’s temple
http://www.virtual-egypt.com/gallery/
gallery.cgi?action=view&link=_
Tours/Karnak&image=karnak_01.jpg&img=&tt=img;
Much simpler than the
one of Ramses II,
Nefertari’s temple has
only a hypostyle hall
and sanctuary.
Hypostile hall walls are
decorated with reliefs
of Ramses II, of his
wife Nefertari and of
the main Egyptian
gods.
Hieroglyphics in the Hypostile Hall
of the Nefertari Temple
http://www.virtual-egypt.com/gallery/ gallery.cgi?action=view&link=_ Tours/Karnak&image=karnak_01.jpg&img=&tt=img
Close up of a
beautifully
painted pillar
of Thoth, God
of Science
and Writing
(Nefertari’s
Temple)
http://www.virtual-egypt.com/gallery/ gallery.cgi?action=view&link=_ Tours/Karnak&image=karnak_01.jpg&img=&tt=img
Temple of Djoser
Inscription
of Djosier
http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/arth/zoser/zoser.html
Plan of the Precinct of Djoser
http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/arth/zoser/zoser.html
Axonometric Reconstruction of
th Precinct of Djoser
http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/arth/zoser/zoser.html
Columns at Djoser
http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/arth/zoser/18.gif
House of the North - Engaged
Relief – Walls at Djoser
http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/arth/zoser/18.gif
Egyptian Dynasties
Outstanding Events,
People, and Places
King Tutenkhamun
Death mask
Innermost Burial
Coffin of King
Tutkenhamen
ruled 1361-52 BCE
Gold inlay of enaman and
semiprecious stones
6 ½’ long
Egyptian Museum, Cairo
De La Croiux, Horst, et al. Gardner’s Art Through The Ages, 9E. New York.
Harcourt, Brace Jovanovich. 1991
.
The War Machine that was Egypt
Period
Archaic
Predynastic
Late Predynastic
Old Kingdom
Technology
(Basic Weaponry)
New Technologies
Bow
Spear
Clubs
Dagger
Cudgels
Throwing-sticks
Spear
Clubs
Dagger
Cudgels
Throwing-sticks
Bow
Mace
Spear
Clubs
Dagger
Mace
Cudgels
Throwing-sticks
Bow
Shield
Spear
Clubs
Dagger
Mace
Cudgels
Throwing-sticks
Bow
Shields
Quiver
Battle Axe with a semi-circular ax-head
http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/prehistory/egypt/military/tech.html
Period
Middle KingdomSpear
Technology
Spear
Clubs
Dagger
Mace
Quiver
Cudgels
Throwing-sticks
Bow
Shields
New Technologies
Battle Axe
with a scalloped ax-head
Battle Axe with semi-circular ax-head
2nd Intermediate
Period
Spear
Clubs
Dagger
Mace
Quiver
Cudgels
Throwing-sticks
Bow
Shields
Chariot
Composite Bow
Battle Axe
with narrow ax-head
Battle Axe with semi-circular ax-head
Battle Axe with scalloped ax-head
http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/prehistory/egypt/military/tech.html
Period
New Kingdon
Technology
Spear
Clubs
Dagger
Mace
Quiver
Bow
Cudgels
Throwing-sticks
Bow
Shields
Chariot
New Technologies
Scimitar "sickle sword"
Body Armor
Battle Axe with semi-circular ax-head
Battle Axewith scalloped ax-head
Composite Battle Axe
with a narrow ax-head
Rationale for viewing this information: to
comprehend the evolution of Egyptian military
might and why they managed to conquer territory
all the way to the Euphrates River.
http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/prehistory/egypt/military/tech.html
Sites associated
with Egypt from
Predynastic to
Byzantine times
Virtual Egypt.
http://www.virtualegypt.com/newhtm
l/maps/index.html
Egyptian Dynasties
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Predynasty: c. 5000-3100
Early Dynasty: c. 3100 BCE – first unity
Old Kingdom: c. 2686 – 2181 BCE
First intermediate era – political uprisings
Middle Kingdom: 2055-1650 BCE
Second Intermediate era – political uprisings
Middle Kingdom: 1550-1069 BCE
Third Intermediate era – political uprisings
Late Kingdom: 1069-774 BCE
Ptolemaic Era: 332-30 BCE
Roman: 30 BCE-395 CE
Egyptian Architectural
Contributions
“Obelisks, pyramids and all the other Egyptianderived forms, which for centuries. . .
permeated Western art and architecture (the
Egyptian Hall in London, the original Tombs in
lower Manhattan, the old suspension bridge over
the Neva in St. Petersburg, the Pyramid at the
Louvre in Paris . . . proved that the Egyptians
succeeded, to a degree probably even they
didn't anticipate, in leaving a legacy to outlast
themselves.”
Kimmelman, Michael. Egyptian Art: The Mysterious Lure of an Old Friend. The New York Times. 17September, 1999.
http://www.virtualegypt.com/newhtml/articles/Egyptian%20Art%20The%20Mysterious%20Lure%20of%20an%20Old%20Friend.htm
Prince Hemiunu, Great
Pyramid Architect
“ A landmark of the Old
Kingdom from the Fourth
Dynasty (2575-2465 B.C.) is
the famous seated statue of
Hemiunu, the prince and
vizier in charge of building
the Great Pyramid”
The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Kimmelman, Michael. Egyptian Art: The Mysterious Lure of an Old Friend. The New York Times. 17September, 1999.
http://www.virtualegypt.com/newhtml/articles/Egyptian%20Art%20The%20Mysterious%20Lure%20of%20an%20Old%20Friend.htm
Hemiunu
“. . . . [He] is kind of a pyramid
himself, a triangular mass of
limestone, life size, straight-backed,
feet firmly planted side by side,
hands resting on his lap, one
palm down, the other closed, with
a look on his face of divine
indifference.” His girth contrasts
sharply with the other statues of
Early Egypt.
Kimmelman, Michael. Egyptian Art: The Mysterious Lure of an Old Friend. The New York Times. 17September, 1999.
http://www.virtualegypt.com/newhtml/articles/Egyptian%20Art%20The%20Mysterious%20Lure%20of%20an%20Old%20Friend.htm
Khufu’s Pyramid: The Great
Pyramid
• Khufu's pyramid was only part of the complex built for him at
Giza. This complex had many different parts:
• Three pyramids for Khufu's queens.
• Several deep pits containing boats that had been buried.
• A mortuary temple where Khufu would be worshipped after
he died.
• A causeway leading from the pyramid complex down to the
valley temple.
• A valley temple where the pharaoh's funeral would begin.
• A small 'satellite' pyramid.
• The mastaba tombs of nobles
• LINK:
http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/pyramids/explore/main.html.
The Great Pyramid
Ancient Egyptian Culture. http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/prehistory/egypt/archaeology/egyptology.html
Kings Valley
The
Valley
of the
Kings
http://www.virtual-egypt.com/gallery/
gallery.cgi?action=view&link=_
Tours/Karnak&image=karnak_01.jpg&img=&tt=im
g
The back of a sculpture of
Iai-ib and Khuaut, husband
and wife in intimate detail
The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Kimmelman, Michael. Egyptian Art: The Mysterious Lure of an Old Friend. The New York Times. 17September, 1999.
http://www.virtualegypt.com/newhtml/articles/Egyptian%20Art%20The%20Mysterious%20Lure%20of%20an%20Old%20Friend.htm
Prince
Rahotep and
wife Norfret
c. 2650 BCE
painted limestone
height 47 ¼”
Cairo Museum
Janson, H.W. History of Art. Englewood-Cliffs
NewJersey: Prentice Hall. July, 1963.
Egyptian Festivals, Religious
and/or Political
Egyptians enjoyed a day or two celebrating . . . for
example, the Beautiful Feast of the Valley (below) .
Parsons, Marie. Tour Egypt. http://www.touregypt.net/karnak.htm
Festival of Opet
“Thebans could ask the god questions (oracles)
that could be answered by a simple yes or no. A
man might ask if his brother in another town
was in good health, If the barge dipped
forward, the answer was yes; if it backed away,
the reply was no. Commoners were also
allowed to put questions to a god in his temple.
For these exceptional times, the fortunate
citizens who were allowed into the temple were
escorted to special audience rooms. The
priests would convey the answers either
through a concealed window high up in the wall
or from inside a hollow statue.”
Parsons, Marie. Tour Egypt. http://www.touregypt.net/karnak.htm
The Festival
of Opet
• Boisterous Theban festival begun in
Eighteenth dynasty and held during the
second civil month, set by the lunar calendar
• Celebrated for twenty-seven days in the
Twentieth Dynasty
Parsons, Marie. Tour Egypt. http://www.touregypt.net/karnak.htm
Religious festival at Anum at Luxor Temple
Parsons, Marie. Tour Egypt. http://www.touregypt.net/karnak.htm
Djoser’s Heb-Sed Festival
•Usually celebrated 30 years after a king’s rule and
thereafter, every three years.
•Very important ritual symbolizing regeneration
•Meant to assure a long reign in the pharaoh’s afterlife.
Parsons, Marie. Tour Egypt. http://www.touregypt.net/karnak.htm
Airview of Djoser's Step Pyramid and surrounding
complex at Saqqara. The pyramid to the right was built
by Userkaf at the onset of the 5th Dynasty.
Source: Lehner, Complete Pyramids, p. 86. http://www.ancient-egypt.org/saqqara/index.html
Ptolemaen Period
Philae Trajin’s Kiosk
http://www.virtualegypt.com/gallery/
gallery.cgi?action=view&link=_
Tours/Karnak&image=karnak_0
1.jpg&img=&tt=img
http://www.virtual-egypt.com/gallery/ gallery.cgi?action=view&link=_ Tours/Karnak&image=karnak_01.jpg&img=&tt=img
Philae – Recently Restored Reliefs
PhilaeCartouche of
unknown
Pharoh
http://www.virtual-egypt.com/gallery/
gallery.cgi?action=view&link=_
Tours/Karnak&image=karnak_01.jpg&img=&tt
=img
Philae -A last
look down the
West Colonnade
in front of the
First Pylon
http://www.virtual-egypt.com/gallery/
gallery.cgi?action=view&link=_
Tours/Karnak&image=karnak_01.jpg&img=&tt=img
Egyptian Timeline
http://www.wsu.edu:8
000/~dee/EGYPT/TIM
ELINE.HTM