Transcript Africa
Chapter 2 Africa: Shaped by its History Section 1 African Beginnings • Nile Civilizations • Bantu Migrations ~Very Early History~ • The Sahara was once lush and fertile. • African’s first farmers lived in the Sahara. • Our Early human ancestors lived in East Africa 2 million years ago. Early Farmers and Early Cro-magnon Man Changing Survival Skills • Hunting and gathering • Followed the herds • Used stone tools (known as the stone age) Changing Survival Skills Continued… Farmers and Herders • Between 10,000 and 6,000 years ago people began to farm and herd animals. • They domesticated plants and animals. The Beginnings of Farming Domestication of Animals Early Settlements • With domestication came settlements. • Settlements were established on fertile soil and near a water supply. • A surplus of food production allowed for specialization and trading. Trading Specialization Civilizations on the Nile Civilization: A society with cities, a government, and social classes. Note: Your occupation determined your social class. Characteristics of a Civilization • • • • • • • Has cities A government Social classes Form of architecture Type of writing Written records Forms of art Ancient city Ancient writing Architecture Hammurabi’s Law Egypt • Around 5,000 B.C. people began farming along the Nile river’s banks. • Villages grew into civilizations. • Rulers of Egypt were called Pharaohs. Pharaohs • Were god/kings • Believed in the after-life • Buried in pyramids or the Valley of the Kings Pyramids Valley of the Kings Mummy Pharaoh Egyptian Writing • Called hieroglyphics. (written on papyrus or tomb walls) • Mainly preserved on tombs. • Rosetta Stone unlocked the language of the Egyptians. Hieroglyphics Papyrus Rosetta Stone Nubia ♥ Area along the Nile, south of Egypt. ♥ Settled around 6,000 B.C. ♥ The Nubians of Napata conquered Egypt around 724 B.C. and ruled for 60 years. Little Nubian Kingdom • Meroe was farther south than Nubia. • Meroe was conquered in A.D. 350 by invading forces from Ethiopia. Meroe Nubia Bantu Migrations • About 4,000 years ago the largest migration of people ever, took place in Africa. • The reasons for the migration are unknown, but chances are that they had something to do with the food supply.