Transcript Cities and Civilizations

Cities and Civilizations
Cities and Civilizations Seminar
We begin at about 8,000 BC
when village life began in
the New Stone Age. . . Also
known as the
Neolithic Revolution.
NEW
STONE AGE
What is the REVOLUTION?
A TOTALLY new way of living:
From
Hunter-Gatherers
to Agriculture
Click on words and pictures for web links.
The invention of Agriculture
changed the way people lived.

Agriculture (Farming)

Growth of Cities

Division of Labor
(Specialization)

Trade

Writing and Mathematics
GEOGRAPHY influenced the
development of river valley
civilizations.
Early River Valley Civilizations
Environment
Sumer
Egypt
Indus
Valley
China
• Flooding of Tigris and Euphrates unpredictable
• No natural barriers
• Limited natural resources for making tools or
buildings
• Flooding of the Nile predictable
• Nile an easy transportation link between Egypt’s
villages
• Deserts were natural barriers
• Indus flooding unpredictable
• Monsoon winds
• Mountains, deserts were natural barriers
• Huang He flooding unpredictable
• Mountains, deserts natural barriers
• Geographically isolated from other ancient
civilizations
Mesopotamia – Fertile Crescent

Sumer – The
Earliest of the River
Valley Civilizations

Sumerian
Civilization grew up
along the Tigris and
Euphrates Rivers in
what is now Kuwait
and Iraq.
Look at the map in the textbook
on page 28.
Define “Fertile Crescent.”
Define “Fertile Crescent”
A well-watered and fertile area,
the fertile crescent arcs across the
northern part of the Syrian desert. It is
flanked on the west by the
Mediterranean and on the east by the
Euphrates and Tigris rivers, and
includes all or parts of Israel, the West
Bank, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, and Iraq.
From antiquity this region was the site
of sophisticated settlements.
Greeks called the northern part of the
Fertile Crescent
Mesopotamia
“Between Two Rivers”
(Tigris River and Euphrates River)
The southern part of Mesopotamia was
called Babylonia, originally Sumer.
Which country is Mesopotamia today?
(Iraq)
Sumer - Sumerians (Kuwait)
ca. 3500 to 3000 BC.
(ca. = circa)
Sumer gave us the city-state.
Define: city-state
Political unit made up of a city and
the surrounding lands. Each city
state has its own government,
even when it shares a culture with
neighboring city states.
Sumerian Writing: cuneiform
Cuneiform is created by pressing a
pointed stylus into a clay tablet.
Deciphering Cuneiform
Sumerians invented:








Brick technology
Wheel
Base 60 – using the circle . . . 360 degrees
Time – 60 minutes in an hour, 60 seconds in
a minute
12 month lunar calendar
arch
ramp
ziggurat
Board Game From Ur
Ziggurat – Holy Mountain
Babylon
Gave us the first known written law code
and was the first civilization where the
citizens live by the “Rule of Law”
Define “rule of law”
Government by law. The rule of law
implies that government authority
may only be exercised in accordance
with written laws, which were adopted
through an established procedure.
Hammurabi’s Code - 1792 BC
Hammurabi’s Code
was this law code.
Hammurabi ruled the
Babylonian Empire for 42 years.
At the end of his long
reign, Hammurabi’s legal
decisions were collected and
inscribed on a stone tablet
in a Babylonian temple. The 282
laws of the Code of Hammurabi
represent one of the earliest
known legal systems.
“If a man stole the property of church or
state, that man shall be put to death;
also the one who received the stolen goods
from his hand shall be put to
death.”
The laws governed such
things as lying,
stealing, assault, debt,
business partnerships,
marriage, and divorce.
In seeking protection
for all members of
Babylonian society,
Hammurabi relied on
the philosophy of equal
retaliation, otherwise
known as “an eye for an
eye.”
The Babylonian Empires
Babylonian Numbers
Gilgamesh
Gilgamesh Epic Tablet:
Flood Story
EGYPT
“The Gift of the Nile”
(Herodotus)
Look at the map and
answer the following
question:
What did Herodotus mean
when he said that Egypt
is the “gift of the Nile?”
Because of the
geography of the area,
without the Nile River,
there would be no Egypt.
Nile River
Sahara Desert
The
Annual Flooding of
the Nile
4,160 Miles Long
“Gifts of the Nile”






Predictable flooding (Summer Time)
Mild flooding therefore able to use river for
irrigation
Prevailing winds made trade possible both
north and south on the river
Rich deposits of clay, granite, sandstone &
limestone used for building
Silt deposits rich for farming
papyrus used for mats, rope, sandals,
baskets, paper
Periods
Time Frame
Nile Culture Begins
3900 B. C. E.
Old Kingdom
2650 – 2134 B. C. E.
Middle Kingdom
2040 – 1640 B. C. E.
New Kingdom
1550 – 1070 B. C. E.
Late Period
750 – 332 B. C. E.
Greek Ptolemaic Era
332 – 30 B. C. E.
Roman Period
30 B. C. E. – 395 C. E.
Menes: Unifier of Upper &
Lower Egypt
ca.
3050
B. C. E. ?
3 Kingdoms of Egypt

Old Kingdom
 Great time for Pyramid Building; Sphinx
 Society divided into only upper and
lower
 Civil Wars destroy
2650-2134 B.C.
3 Kingdoms Cont’d

Middle Kingdom
 Called the “Golden Age” b/c of
Prosperity
 Hyksos take over Egypt for a while
 Officially part of the Bronze Age now
2040- 1640 B.C.
3 Kingdoms Cont’d

New Kingdom
 Pushed Hyksos out
 New Slave Labor
 Immense Wealth and Prosperity
 Akhenaten tries to push Monotheism(Aton- The Sun God)
1550-1070 B.C.
Egyptian
Social Hierarchy
Egyptians invented:




Hieroglyphics
Pyramids
Geometry
Advances in medicine and surgery
Hieroglyphics
Early Egyptian writing found on
tombs was indecipherable.
Hieroglyphics
Sacred
Carving
No one could read these sacred carvings
until Napoleon invaded Egypt and his
archaeologists found the Rosetta Stone.
Champollion and
The Rosetta Stone
Hieroglyphics

“Alphabet”
24 “letters” + 700 phonetic symbols
Papyrus is one of the first
examples of paper. It is created
from reeds growing along the Nile
River.
Papyrus
Egyptian
Osiris
Gods & Goddesses:
Isis
Horus
Preparations
for the
Underworld
ANUBIS
weighs the
dead person’s heart
against a feather.
Priests
protected
your KA, or soulspirit
The

Osiris
Final Judgement
Anubis
Horus
Preparation
for
the Afterlife
Egyptian
Seti I
1291-1278 B. C. E.
Mummies
Queen
Tiye,
wife of
Amenhotep II
Ramses II
1279-1212 B. C. E.
Giza
Pyramid Complex
Plan
of the Great Pyramid
of Khufu
The
Ankh – The “Cross”
of Life
Ankhenaton:
First
Monotheist
1352-1336
E.
B. C.
Indus River Valley (page 53)
2500 BC – 1500 BC
Around 2600 B.C.
the various regional
cultures were united
in what is called the
Indus Valley
Civilization. It is also
commonly referred
to as the Harappan
culture after the
town of Harappa
(where it was first
discovered.)
Excavations at the ancient
Harappan and Mohenjo Daro
mounds revealed well planned
cities and towns built on
massive mud brick platforms
that protected the inhabitants
against seasonal floods. In the
larger cities the houses were
built of baked brick while at
smaller towns most houses
were built of sun-dried mud
brick. Each city is laid out in a
grid pattern and shows signs
of stunningly modern
plumbing systems.
Much writing has been found at these
sites, but it has not yet been translated.
Shang China
1600 BC – 1122 BC
Lack of contact with
foreigners helped give
the Chinese a strong
sense of identity and
superiority. They
regarded their land as
the only civilized land
and called it Zhongguo
or the Middle Kingdom.
This Chinese isolation
contributed to the
Chinese belief that
China was at the center
of the earth and the
sole source of
civilization.
The first true emperor of
China, was Shi Huangdi.