Transcript Chapter 9x
Physical & Cognitive
Development In Middle & Late
Childhood
Chapter 9
Manisha Sawhney, Ph.D.
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Body Growth & Change
Slow, consistent growth
Average growth is 2-3inches
a year
Average weight gain is 57pounds a year
Brain & Motor Development
Brain development
Prefrontal cortex-increase in pathways and
circuitry
Cerebral cortex-thickening of temporal &
frontal lobes
Synaptic pruning
Motor Development
Gross Motor skills
Fine motor skills
3 year old’s drawing
5 year old’s drawing
9 year old’s drawing
Health, Illness & Disease
Injuries are the leading cause of death
Obesity
The percentage of children aged 6–
11 years in the United States who were
obese increased from 7% in 1980 to nearly
18% in 2012. (CDC, 2013)
Causes of Overweight/Obesity
Heredity (Stunkard et al., 1990)
Environmental
Socioeconomic status
Consequences of overweight
Medical problems
Diabetes
Hypertension
Elevated blood cholesterol
Psychological
Low self esteem
Depression
Eating disorders
Obesity Stigma
How does social stigma of obesity effect children?
Health, Illness & Disease
Cardiovascular disease (CVD)
Risk factors for CVD include,
hypertension and obesity
Cancer
Second leading cause of death
in 5-14yr old
Leukemia most common
childhood cancer
Children with Disabilities
What disabilities do
children have and how
does it impact their
education
14 percent children
received special
education in 2008-2009
(Aud et al., 2011)
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Learning Disorders
Difficulty in understanding or using spoken or written
language or in doing mathematics.
• DSM-5 describes several domains of specific
learning disorder:
Reading (dyslexia)
Written expression (dysgraphia)
Mathematics (dyscalculia)
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Predominantly:
Inattention
Hyperactivity
Impulsivity
Incidence:
6.4 million children between the ages of 4 and 17 (11 percent)
have received an ADHD diagnosis (CDC, 2011)
In North Dakota, the rate has increased from 7.5 percent in 2007
to 8.9 percent in 2011
What do these figures tell us?
Is ADHD overdiagnosed
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Causes for ADHD
Genetic factors
Maternal health during pregnancy
Executive areas of the brain are underactive
Treatment:
Combination of medication and behavior
management improves the behavior of
children with ADHD
Autism Spectrum Disorder (DSM-V)
Characterized by significant impairments in :
Social and communication deficits
Repetitive behaviors and fixated interests
Symptoms must be present in the early
developmental period
Autism and Asperger disorder
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z8_Oi9UsgOI
Repetitive Behavior and Fixated Interests
Prevalence
Current official U.S.
estimates: 1 in 68 (CDC,
2014)
More in boys than girls
Causes
Brain dysfunction
Genes & Heredity
Polygenic model/theory of
multi-factorial inheritance
Cognitive Development: Piaget’s Theory
Concrete Operational Stage:
Seriation
Transitivity
Reversibility
https://www.youtube.com/wat
ch?v=gA04ew6Oi9M
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A
B
B
C
Information Processing: Baddeley's model
of working memory
Long Term Memory
increases
Strategies for
Improving Memory
Fuzzy Trace Theory
Verbatim memory
trace
Gist
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Intelligence
The ability to solve
problems and to adapt and
learn from experiences.
Intelligence Scales
Binet Test
IQ=Mental
Age/Chronological Age *100
The Wechsler Scales
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Types of Intelligence
Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
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Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence
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Differences in IQ scores
Influence of genetics
Environmental
Influences
Flynn Effect
Flynn Effect IQ scores have risen across developed countries in recent decades.
Source: Flynn (1999)
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Culture free tests
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Language Development
Increase in Vocabulary due to formal schooling
Start understanding comparatives and subjectives
Bilingualism and Second Language Learning
Increase globalization has lead to increase in
children who are bilingual
Bilingualism does not interfere with primary
language
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