Transcript Chapter 9x

Physical & Cognitive
Development In Middle & Late
Childhood
Chapter 9
Manisha Sawhney, Ph.D.
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Body Growth & Change
 Slow, consistent growth
 Average growth is 2-3inches
a year
 Average weight gain is 57pounds a year
Brain & Motor Development
 Brain development
 Prefrontal cortex-increase in pathways and
circuitry
 Cerebral cortex-thickening of temporal &
frontal lobes
 Synaptic pruning
 Motor Development
 Gross Motor skills
 Fine motor skills
3 year old’s drawing
5 year old’s drawing
9 year old’s drawing
Health, Illness & Disease
 Injuries are the leading cause of death
 Obesity
The percentage of children aged 6–
11 years in the United States who were
obese increased from 7% in 1980 to nearly
18% in 2012. (CDC, 2013)
 Causes of Overweight/Obesity
 Heredity (Stunkard et al., 1990)
 Environmental
 Socioeconomic status
Consequences of overweight
 Medical problems
 Diabetes
 Hypertension
 Elevated blood cholesterol
 Psychological
 Low self esteem
 Depression
 Eating disorders
Obesity Stigma
 How does social stigma of obesity effect children?
Health, Illness & Disease
 Cardiovascular disease (CVD)
 Risk factors for CVD include,
hypertension and obesity
 Cancer
 Second leading cause of death
in 5-14yr old
 Leukemia most common
childhood cancer
Children with Disabilities
 What disabilities do
children have and how
does it impact their
education
 14 percent children
received special
education in 2008-2009
(Aud et al., 2011)
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Learning Disorders
 Difficulty in understanding or using spoken or written
language or in doing mathematics.
• DSM-5 describes several domains of specific
learning disorder:
 Reading (dyslexia)
 Written expression (dysgraphia)
 Mathematics (dyscalculia)
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
 Predominantly:
 Inattention
 Hyperactivity
 Impulsivity
Incidence:
 6.4 million children between the ages of 4 and 17 (11 percent)
have received an ADHD diagnosis (CDC, 2011)
 In North Dakota, the rate has increased from 7.5 percent in 2007
to 8.9 percent in 2011
 What do these figures tell us?
 Is ADHD overdiagnosed
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Causes for ADHD
 Genetic factors
 Maternal health during pregnancy
 Executive areas of the brain are underactive
 Treatment:
 Combination of medication and behavior
management improves the behavior of
children with ADHD
Autism Spectrum Disorder (DSM-V)
 Characterized by significant impairments in :
 Social and communication deficits
 Repetitive behaviors and fixated interests
 Symptoms must be present in the early
developmental period
 Autism and Asperger disorder
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z8_Oi9UsgOI
Repetitive Behavior and Fixated Interests
 Prevalence
 Current official U.S.
estimates: 1 in 68 (CDC,
2014)
 More in boys than girls
 Causes
 Brain dysfunction
 Genes & Heredity
 Polygenic model/theory of
multi-factorial inheritance
Cognitive Development: Piaget’s Theory
 Concrete Operational Stage:
 Seriation
 Transitivity
 Reversibility
 https://www.youtube.com/wat
ch?v=gA04ew6Oi9M
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A
B
B
C
Information Processing: Baddeley's model
of working memory
 Long Term Memory
increases
 Strategies for
Improving Memory
 Fuzzy Trace Theory
 Verbatim memory
trace
 Gist
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Intelligence
 The ability to solve
problems and to adapt and
learn from experiences.
 Intelligence Scales
 Binet Test
 IQ=Mental
Age/Chronological Age *100
 The Wechsler Scales
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Types of Intelligence
 Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
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Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence
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Differences in IQ scores
 Influence of genetics
 Environmental
Influences
 Flynn Effect
Flynn Effect IQ scores have risen across developed countries in recent decades.
Source: Flynn (1999)
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Culture free tests
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Language Development
 Increase in Vocabulary due to formal schooling
 Start understanding comparatives and subjectives
 Bilingualism and Second Language Learning
 Increase globalization has lead to increase in
children who are bilingual
 Bilingualism does not interfere with primary
language
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