Transcript Life span chapter 5-1 File

The Growing Body
Motor Development and Safety
Children With Special Needs
See How We
Grow!
Slow but steady…
• Height changes
• Weight changes
Variations of 6 inches in height
between children of the same age
are not unusual and are well within
normal ranges.
• Only time in
lifespan when, on
average, girls taller
than boys
Cultural Patterns
of Growth
• Sufficient or
insufficient nutrition
• Disease
• Genetic inheritance
• Familial stress
Children in poorer areas of cities such
as Kolkata, Hong Kong, and Rio de
Janeiro are smaller than their
counterparts in affluent areas of the
same cities.
Benefits of Adequate Nutrition
Relationship to social and emotional
functioning
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•
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•
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More peer involvement
More positive emotions
Less anxiety
More eagerness to explore new environments
More persistent in frustrating situations
Generally higher energy levels
Obesity
Most common causes:
– Genetic factors
– Lack of physical activity
– Unhealthy eating patterns
– Combination of these factors
Only in rare cases is being overweight
caused by a medical condition such as a
hormonal problem.
Fat of the Land
The percentage of children and adolescents who are
overweight has increased dramatically in the last 4
decades
Source: Fryar, C. D., Carroll, M. D., & Ogden, C. L. (2012).
In middle childhood, height and weight
increase gradually.
Differences in height and weight are
influenced by both genetic and social factors.
Adequate nutrition promotes physical and
cognitive development, while overnutrition
and a sedentary lifestyle may lead to obesity.
Due to the sudden changes taking place
during this stage, it is not uncommon in middle
school to see children of the same age who
are 6 to 7 inches apart in height.
• True
• False
Which of the following is NOT a long-term
outcome associated with childhood obesity?
a. cognitive deficits
b. being overweight as adults
c. greater risk of heart disease
d. higher prevalence of diabetes
What are some aspects of U.S. culture that
may contribute to obesity among school-age
children?
Motor Development
During Middle
Childhood
Children master
many types of skills
that earlier they
could not perform
well, such as riding
a bike, ice skating,
swimming, and
skipping rope.
Is this the same for
children of other
cultures?
Gross Motor Skills Developed from 6 and 12
Years
Do boys and girls differ in motor skills?
Gender differences in gross motor skills
became increasingly pronounced during
middle childhood
– Boys outperform girls
– Little or no difference when equal participation in
exercise/activities
– Influenced by societal expectations
Fine Motor Development
• Necessary for wide range of schoolrelated tasks
• Influenced by increase in amount of
myelin speeds up electrical impulses
between neurons
Health and School-agers
Middle childhood is period of robust health
• Routine immunizations have produced
considerably lower incidence of lifethreatening illnesses.
• More than 90 percent of children in middle
childhood have at least one serious medical
condition, but most are short term illnesses.
Asthma
• Asthma is among the diseases that have
shown a significant increase in prevalence
over the last several decades.
• More than 15 million U.S. children suffer from
the disorder, and worldwide the number is
more than 150 million.
• Racial and ethnic minorities are particularly
at risk for the disease.
Accidents
GunMotor
Fires and
related
vehicles
burns
deaths
Bikes
Drowning
Safety in
Cyberspace
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•
•
Newest threat to the
safety of school-age
children
Do you software or
computer chips to
screen offensive
Internet content is a
practical idea?
Are such controls the
best way to keep
children safe in
cyberspace?
Psychological Disorders
Identifying the Problem
Psychological disorders in children
overlooked for years
– Incidence
– Symptoms inconsistent from those of adults
– Antidepressant drugs used for treatment have
never been approved by governmental
regulators for use with children
Drugs As Treatment
FOR
AGAINST
Depression and other
psychological disorders
treated successfully using
drug
More traditional nondrug
therapies that largely
employ verbal methods are
simply ineffective
Long-term effectiveness of
antidepressants with
children not known
Use of antidepressants on
developing brains and longterm consequences more
generally not known
Correct dosages for children
of given ages or sizes not
known
Depression
Key defining features of major depressive
disorder in children and adolescents are
same as they are for adults
Way symptoms are expressed varies with
developmental stage of child
Gross motor skills continue to improve during
the school years.
Muscular coordination and manipulative skills
advance to near-adult levels.
Threats to safety include accidents, a result of
increased independence and mobility, and
unsupervised access to cyberspace.
One explanation for the advances in fine
motor skills during middle school involves the
increase in the amount of ______________ in
the brain.
a. myelin
b. neurons
c. genes
d. gray matter
When it comes to school-age children and injuries
associated with accidents, which of the following
statements is true?
a. The number of accidents occurring in the
school-age years is significantly fewer than in
earlier years.
b.Girls are significantly more likely to be injured
in accidents than are boys.
c. There is no relationship between gender and the
prevalence of injuries associated with accidents.
d. Boys are significantly more likely than girls to
be injured.
How would you design an experiment to
examine the roots of gender differences in
gross motor skills? What impediments would
you encounter in doing so?
Children with Special Needs
Visual
impairments
Learning
Auditory
disabilities
impairments
Speech
impairments
Do you see what I see?
Difficulties in seeing
• Blindness (20/200 after correction)
• Partial sightedness (20/70 after correction)
Legal criterion
• Pertains solely to distance vision, while most
school tasks require close-up vision
• Does not consider abilities in the perception of
color, depth, and light, either—all of which might
influence a student’s success
Say what?
•
Loss of hearing or
some aspect of
hearing
•
Affects 1 to 2 percent
of school-age children
•
Varies across number
of dimensions
Auditory impairments can produce
both academic and social difficulties, a
may lead to speech difficulties.
Children Who Do Not Hear
Children with speech-language impairment have an
impairment of their speech and/or language
structures and functions
•
Parts of the body used in speaking and understanding
— the brain, nerves, mouth and throat — may be
damaged or not developing or working properly
•
Level of speech-language impairment can range from
mild to severe
•
Impairment may be obvious before school or not show
itself until the child has difficulty learning at school
Stuttering
• Substantial disruption in rhythm and
fluency of speech
• Most common speech impairment; 20
percent of all children go through stage
• No clear-cut answers to the causes of
stuttering
What are the most common signs of
ADHD?
• Persistent difficulty in finishing tasks, following
instructions, and organizing work
• Inability to watch an entire television program
• Frequent interruption of others or excessive
talking
• Tendency to jump into a task before hearing all
the instructions
• Difficulty in waiting or remaining seated
• Fidgeting, squirming
Brains of Children with ADHD
The brains of children with ADHD (in the top row) show
less thickening of the cortex compared the brains of typical
children at the same age.
Source: Shaw et al., 2007.
ADHD Treatment Controversy
Ritalin or Dexadrine reduce activity levels
in hyperactive children and are routinely
prescribed.
– Effective in increasing attention span and
compliance BUT side effects considerable and
long-term health consequences unclear
– Help scholastic performance in short run BUT
long-term evidence for continuing improvement
is mixed
Keeping Children Fit
•
Make exercise fun. Gear activities to the child’s physical
level and motor skills.
•
Be an exercise role model.
•
Encourage the child to find a partner. Start slowly.
•
Urge participation in organized sports activities, but do
not push too hard.
•
Don’t make physical activity, such as jumping jacks or
push-ups, a punishment for unwanted behavior.
•
Provide a healthy diet.
Many school-age children have special needs,
relating to vision, hearing, and speech that can
impact their social relationships and school
performance.
Learning disabilities include difficulties in acquiring
and using language, speaking, reading, writing,
reasoning, or mathematical abilities.
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder poses
attention, organization, and activity problems for 3%
to 5% of school-age children.
______________, the most common speech
impairment, involves a substantial disruption
in the rhythm and fluency of speech.
a. Telegraphic speech
b. Stuttering
c. Private speech
d. Fast mapping
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
(ADHD), according to the American Academy
of Pediatrics, is marked by all of the following
symptoms, EXCEPT ______________.
a. tendency to lie
b. a low tolerance for frustration
c. inattention
d. impulsiveness
If hearing is associated with abstract thinking,
how do people who were born deaf think?