Transcript DEFENSE MECHANISM

STRESS AND
MECHANISM OF ADAPTATION
Sylvia D. Elvira, M.D
Department of Psychiatry
Faculty of Medicine - University of Indonesia
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Shinta, female, 23 years old, 3 months ago on her way
back from work, was shocked by the news that her
viance married another woman because the woman
has already pregnant.
Later, she vomits, staggered out, and felt as if she
was going to pass out. During the week after, she had
difficulties in sleeping, experienced multiple
awakening at night, and when she eats she often felt
nauseous. Her condition recovers gradually, but her
sight was getting worst and now she cannot see at all.
The ophthalmologist stated that there is not any single
problem in her eyes.
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Adi, male, 48 years old, a businessman once quite
successful, but for about ten years ago, since the
monetary crisis in this country, suffers a huge loss
and his company went bankrupt, and then his wife
started complaining, insulting, frequently asked
for divorce, and finally left him about three years
ago. According to him, he always try to be
optimistic, but he complains of pain in the chest,
as if it was press by a heavy burden and he often
felt short of breath. He went to see a doctor to
check on his condition, and was told that his heart
was rather weak. That was really struck him and
he doesn’t feel optimistic anymore. For the last
months he prefers to be alone and sometimes he
had suicidal ideas.
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HOW CAN WE EXPLAIN THOSE CASES?
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Usually, an organ is mentioned as having
pathology if there is a deviation or
destruction. But how about the mind?
Symptoms:
 anatomy = normal, but the function is
disturbed
Abnormality – related to the situation &
culture
Changing in function (express in
behavior, feelings and thoughts),
triggered by:
A. ORGANIC Factor
B. PSYCHOLOGICAL Factor
C. A + B
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SEVERAL ESSENTIAL FACTORS
(RELATIONSHIP OF THE BODILY FUNCTION
& DISTURBANCES IN MIND)
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Events which shocking the emotion, can triggers
abnormality in the function of the body or make
an individual suffers from an illness.
Emotional response usually follows by
physiological changes (disgust, nauseous, etc.)
Physical response can be prolonged
 body and mind disorder
Attitude, behavior, words of a physician =
important role in alleviating & aggravating of
patient’s condition.
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-
STRESS
Neurotransmitter
Autonom System
Endocrin System
Immune System
Imbalance
Adaptation
mechanism
Failed
Succeed
Disorder
Homeostasis
HOW IF AN INDIVIDUAL FACING
A PROBLEM?
Disturbances in the equilibrium  stress
uses all of ways, methods & techniques:
* rational & irrational
* Cs & UCs
* realistic & fantastic
 changes (physical & psychological)
 A new adjustment : works
& doesn’t work
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new adaptation
new stress
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What does an individual do
when he or she faces a problem ?
(a) Make changes or adjustment to the situation
that he or she dealing with:
- Has experience  knows how to handle
- A new situation  experiment before
finding the right way
(b) Avoid or make a distance to the situation
a + b : - it might work  safe & satisfied
- if it doesn’t work  still b e a
sense of insecurity & dissatisfaction
(c) Try and learn to live with
insecurity & dissatisfaction
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To face & overcome the problems
of life:
there are certain methods &
techniques that will be used:
 DEFENSE MECHANISM
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Broad definition:
every method that are
used:
* rational & irrational
* Cs & Ucs
* realistic & fantastic
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Narrow definition:
mechanism of ego
to
* eliminate anxiety
* shift to fantasy:
several ways,
Cs & UCs
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DEFENSE MECHANISM
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Individual:
tries to fulfill the needs X problems
Capability ~ limitation
The environmant (+) or (-)
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To achieve the goal:
Avoid or minimize failure
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Human has a great capacity,
if in reality cannot achieve satisfaction
 shift  fantasy
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SEVERAL DEFENSE MECHANISM
(WHICH ARE POTENTIALLY PATHOGENIC)
From immature or
pathological to the most
mature or healthy
 Denial
 Projection
 Reaction formation
 Undoing
 Isolation
 Repression
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Splitting
Projective
identification
Denial
Introjection
Blocking
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DEFENSE MECHANISM
THAT ARE POTENTIALLY PATHOGENIC
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DENIAL:
negating pain sensations or anticipation of an
unpleasant accident
REPRESSION:
feelings & impulse of pain that can not be
accepted are pushed out of the Cs-mind.
PROJECTION:
failure is blamed at others or situations.
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DEFENSE MECHANISM
THAT ARE POTENTIALLY PATHOGENIC (2)
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INTROJECTION:
internalization of the object (other person) to
establish closeness & constant presence of it.
REACTION FORMATION:
forms a reactive attitude against it (believe that
those impulses do not exist)
UNDOING:
ritualistic action that has symbolic meanings to
undo or negate or forget an idea or thought or
impulses (the individual doesn’t aware of it)
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DEFENSE MECHANISM
THAT ARE POTENTIALLY PATHOGENIC (3)
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ISOLATION:
separates memory (of a traumatic exp.)
from the emotional experience.
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BLOCKING:
one of the function of emotion is stopped
or blocked
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DISPLACEMENT:
purposeful, UCs shifting from one object to
another to solve a conflict.
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DEFENSE MECHANISM
(WHICH ARE POTENTIALLY PATHOGENIC) (4)
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RATIONALIZATION:
a justification of attitudes, beliefs, or behavior
that may acceptable by incorrect application
of justifying reasons.
REGRESSION:
retreat to the former of adaptation (in effort
to handle or adjust to an extremely difficult
situation)
SOMATIZATION:
conversion of psychic derivatives into bodily
symptoms.
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DEFENSE MECHANISM
(WHICH ARE POTENTIALLY PATHOGENIC) (5)
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SPLITTING:
is an UCs process that actively separates
contradictory feelings, self-representations, or
object representations from one another (good
from bad, love from hate, etc, to preserve
positively colored experiences, affects, self &
object representations, in safely isolated mental
compartments, free from contamination by
negative counterpart.
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DEFENSE MECHANISM
(WHICH ARE POTENTIALLY
PATHOGENIC) (6)
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PROJECTIVE IDENTIFICATION:
is an UCs three-steps process by which
aspects of oneself are disavowed and
attributed to someone else.
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MATURE DEFENSE MECHANISM
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SUPRESSION
ALTRUISM
SUBLIMATION
HUMOR
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MATURE DEFENSE MECHANISM
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SUPRESSION:
the Cs banishing of unacceptable thoughts
or feelings from your mind
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ALTRUISM:
the subordination of your own needs and
interests to those of others
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MATURE DEFENSE MECHANISM (2)
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SUBLIMATION:
an UCs process by which consciously
unacceptable drives or wishes are channeled into
socially acceptable alternatives
HUMOR:
the
ability to playfully poke fun at yourself and the
situation you are in – an invaluable part of
mental health.
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Thank you
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