Transcript Anxiety Disorders

Anxiety Disorders
• A group of conditions where
the primary symptoms are
anxiety or defenses against
anxiety.
• The patient fears something
awful will happen to them.
• They are in a state of
intense apprehension,
uneasiness, uncertainty, or
fear.
• Are they a neurosis or
psychosis?
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
• Disorder in which a person is
continuously tense,
apprehensive and in a state of
autonomic nervous system
arousal.
• The patient is constantly
tense and worried, feels
inadequate, is oversensitive,
can’t concentrate and suffers
from insomnia.
• 2 out of 3 – women.
Panic Disorder
• An anxiety disorder marked
by a minutes-long episode of
intense dread (Panic Attack)
in which a person experiences
terror and accompanying
chest pain, choking and other
frightening sensations.
• Can cause secondary
disorders like agoraphobia.
Intense Exposure therapy
Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale
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Phobias
• A disorder marked by a
persistent, irrational fear
and avoidance of a specific
object or situation.
What do we Fear?
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Untimely or early death
Death of a loved one
Speaking before a group
Snakes
Not being a success
Being self-conscious
Illness or injury to a loved one
Making mistakes
Looking foolish
Failing a test
Suffocating
Examples of Phobias
Over 700 specific fears have been labeled.
Name of the phobia:
Fear of:
Xenophobia
Strangers
Ophidiophobia
Snakes
Panaphobia
Everything
Santa Claustrophobia
Stuck in chimneys
Numerophobia
Numbers
Arachnophobia
Spiders
Murophobia
Mice
Mikrophobia
Germs
Social Phobia
• Range 21-105 – higher scores reflecting
greater social anxiety.
• Mean score = 42.3
• Four Factors
– Thoughts of general discomfort and social
inadequacy
– Concerns with others’ awareness of distress
– Fear of negative evaluations
– Perception of autonomic arousal and
performance anxiety
Dealing with Social Phobias
• In dealing with symptoms of anxiety, respond with
approach rather than avoidance.
• Greet people with eye contact.
• Create a list of possible topics of conversation and
listen carefully to others.
• Initiate conversations by asking questions.
• Speak clearly with out mumbling.
• Be willing to tolerate some silence.
• Wait for cues from others.
• Learn to tolerate criticism and be willing to
introduce a controversial topic at an appropriate
point.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
• Persistent unwanted
thoughts (obsessions)
cause someone to feel
the need to engage in
a particular repetitive
action (compulsion) .
Common Examples of OCD
Common Obsessions:
Common Compulsions:
Contamination fears of germs, dirt,
etc.
Washing
Imagining having harmed self or others Repeating
Imagining losing control of aggressive
urges
Checking
Intrusive sexual thoughts or urges
Touching
Excessive religious or moral doubt
Counting
Forbidden thoughts
Ordering/arranging
A need to have things "just so"
Hoarding or saving
A need to tell, ask, confess
Praying
The Obsessive-Compulsive Scale
• Score 1 point for “true” responses on
questions: 1, 2, 4, 6, 7 8, 16, 17, 18 and
21.
• Score 1 point for “false” responses on
questions: 5, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 19, 20
and 22.
• Range 0-20, higher scores reflecting
greater compulsivity.
• Male mean = 11.15
• Female mean = 11.24
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
• Flashbacks or nightmares
following a person’s
involvement in or
observation of an
extremely stressful
event.
• Memories of the event
cause anxiety.
• Veteran’s rate of PTSD
is 1 in 5.
• Drug abuse is very
common.
Posttraumatic Cognitions
Inventory (PTCI)
• Range scores in each subscale 1-7
– Higher scores reflecting greater acceptance of
each factor.
• Each scale predicts PTSD severity,
depression and generalized anxiety in
traumatized individuals.
Items 13, 32 and 34 are experimental.
Explanations for Anxiety Disorders
• You learn them through conditioning
(reinforcement).
•Evolution or natural selection.
•Genetic predisposition (i.e. twins).
•Physiology/the brain (anterior cingulate
cortex and OCD).