Intro Psych March14
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Transcript Intro Psych March14
Psychological Disorders
(Chapter 16)
Third Lecture Outline:
Addiction
Schizophrenia
Child Disorders
Drug Abuse and Addiction
Substance abuse: Maladaptive pattern that
impairs life or causes distress
Addiction: Abuse & physiological tolerance (and
withdrawal symptoms)
Addiction varies by culture
Policies of abstinence leads to increase instead of
decrease in addiction
Addiction has physiological, conditioning, and
cognitive appraisal components (e.g., placebo
effect)
Someone with schizophrenia
“Sometimes the voices are friendly; however, most often they are
cruel and taunting. Hearing voices for the first time was very scary
to me. I call my voices "superiors"; they are of demonic nature and
continuously telling me "I'm evil and worthless". They often
command me to hurt myself. I do as they say because they threaten
to kill me or bury me alive; their terror controls my behavior.”
“I also have visual hallucinations in which I see things that
apparently no one else sees. I look at people's faces and they
suddenly disintegrate or are so distorted that they appear in
horrifying form, wicked,and I see the evilness of the devil locked
within their eyes. I may look at you and project someone's else's
picture on your face; everything becomes confusing and quite
frustrating.”
Schizophrenia
Negative symptoms: Behavior deficits
– blunting of emotions
– language deficits
– apathy and social avoidance
Active symptoms: Behaviors present
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delusions: disordered thinking
hallucination: unusual sensory experience
disorganised incoherent speech
other bizarre behavior
Diagnositic criteria
Adaptive functioning impaired
Two or more of the following:
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delusions
hallucinations
disorganized or incoherent speech
grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior
negative symptoms of anhedonia
Six months of symptoms
Rule out other disorders and drugs
Types of Schizophrenia
Paranoid: Delusions are grandiose or
persecutory; not disorganized or catatonic, e.g.,
tin foil in attic
Disorganized: Speech, behavior, and/or affect is
inappropriate, not catatonic
– e.g., roams the streets mumbling
Catatonic: Motor disturbance such as catalepsy
(waxy flexibility) or frozen
Videotape #98: Cases
Biological basis of
schizophrenia
Genetics: Schizophrenia “runs in families”
– General population rate: 1 to 2 %
– twin studies: monozygotic twins (100%
genes), 44% concordant
– dizygotic twins (50% genes) are 15%
concordant
– consaguinity studies: other relatives 5-10%
– adoption studies: twins adopted away still
have higher concordance than base rate
Brain and neurotransmitter
anomolies
Dopamine hypothesis supported by drug effects
– Amphetamine psychosis from too much dopamine
– Parkinsonian tremors from too little: chlorapromazine
side effect
Vulnerability-Stress Model
Late teen, young adult, age of onset 18-30
Biological
Vulnerability
Stressful
Experiences
Schizophrenia
Symptoms
Examples of childhood disorders
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
– Innattention, impulsivity, hyperactivity
Conduct disorders
– stealing, truancy, fighting, swearing, destructive
behavior
Pervasive Developmental Disorder (Autism)
– communication deficts, perserveration, echolalia,
memory