Transcript Psych 1023 March 15

Quiz#2 on Monday
• Chapters 15, 16, 17, 18
• 10 multiple-choice questions per
chapter (40 points X 2 pts. each)
• short answer (20 points)
• PLEASE ARRIVE ON TIME!!
Abnormal Psychology (Chapter
18)
Third Lecture Outline:
Schizophrenia
Personality Disorders
Depression
Childhood disorders
Mood Disorders
• Unipolar depression
• 10-20% depressed
at some point in life
• multiple causes
• low self-esteem, loss
of motivation,
pessimism
• women > men
•
•
•
•
Bipolar disorder
1% of population
genetically mediated
depressive and
manic symptoms
• mania related to
high energy and
shifts of attention
Symptoms of depression
Persistent sad, anxious, or "empty" mood
Loss of interest or pleasure in activities
Restlessness, irritability, crying
Feelings of guilt, worthlessness,
helplessness, hopelessness
Sleeping disruption, early-morning
awakening
Appetite and/or weight loss or overeating
and weight gain
Decreased energy, fatigue, feeling
"slowed down"
Thoughts of death or suicide
Difficulty concentrating, remembering, or
making decisions
Causes of Depression
• Psychodynamic: Intrapsychic conflict
– anger at other turned inward after loss
• Behavioral: Learned helplessness due
to uncontrollable punishment. Dogs.
• Cognitive: Beck’s errors in thinking
– Arbitrary inference “They hate me.”
– Selective abstraction “Lawn has weeds”
– Overgeneralization “I am a failure”
– Magnification, minimization, personalization
Psychophysiology of
Depression
• Low levels of neurotransmitters are
linked to depression
• Drugs affect serotonin reuptake (SRIs)
• Prozac
• Mania treated with lithium carbonate:
mood-leveling drug
• Epinephrine decreased during
depression -- hormonal factors
Biological basis: NMR Scans
Someone with schizophrenia
“Sometimes the voices are friendly; however, most often they are
cruel and taunting. Hearing voices for the first time was very scary
to me. I call my voices "superiors"; they are of demonic nature and
continuously telling me "I'm evil and worthless". They often
command me to hurt myself. I do as they say because they threaten
to kill me or bury me alive; their terror controls my behavior.”
“I also have visual hallucinations in which I see things that
apparently no one else sees. I look at people's faces and they
suddenly disintegrate or are so distorted that they appear in
horrifying form, wicked,and I see the evilness of the devil locked
within their eyes. I may look at you and project someone's else's
picture on your face; everything becomes confusing and quite
frustrating.”
Schizophrenia
• Negative symptoms: Behavior deficits
– blunting of emotions
– language deficits
– apathy and social avoidance
• Positive symptoms: Behaviors present
– delusions: disordered thinking
– hallucination: unusual sensory experience
– other bizarre behavior
Diagnositic criteria
• Adaptive functioning impaired
• Two or more of the following:
– delusions
– hallucinations
– disorganized or incoherent speech
– grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior
– negative symptoms of anhedonia
• Six months of symptoms
• Rule out other disorders and drugs
Types of Schizophrenia
• Paranoid: Delusions are grandiose or
persecutory; not disorganized or
catatonic, e.g., tin foil in attic
• Disorganized: Speech, behavior, and/or
affect is inappropriate, not catatonic
– e.g., roams the streets mumbling
• Catatonic: Motor disturbance such as
catalepsy (waxy flexibility) or frozen
• Videotape #98: Cases
Biological basis of
schizophrenia
• Schizophrenia “runs in families”
– General population rate: 1 to 2 %
– twin studies: monozygotic twins (100%
genes), 44% concordant
– dizygotic twins (50% genes) are 15%
concordant
– consaguinity studies: other relatives 510%
– adoption studies: twins adopted away still
have higher concordance than base rate
Other biological features
• Dopamine hypothesis supported by
drug effects
– Amphetamine psychosis from too much
dopamine
– Parkinsonian tremors from too little:
chlorapromazine side effect
Personality Disorders
• Stable & extreme personality features
that affect happiness or adjustment
• Examples:
– Paranoid: suspicious of others
– Schizoid: Can’t form/sustain relationships
– Schizotypal: Bizarre or magical behavior
– Borderline: Mood and self-image unstable
– Narcissistic: Self-centred, no empathy
– Histrionic: Dramatic, manipulative, shallow
Examples of childhood
disorders
• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
– Innattention, impulsivity, hyperactivity
• Conduct disorders
– stealing, truancy, fighting, swearing,
destructive behavior
• Pervasive Developmental Disorder
(Autism)
– communication deficts, perserveration,
echolalia, memory