Transcript Endocrine_Disorders powerpoint

Gigantism
• Hyperfunction of
pituitary – too much
growth hormone
• In preadolescent –
overgrowth of long
bones leads to
excessive tallness.
Acromegaly
• Hyperfunction of pituitary
–too much growth
hormone in adulthood
• Overdevelopment of
bones in face, hands and
feet
• Attacks cartilage – so the
chin protrudes, lips, nose
and extremities enlarge
• RX- drugs to inhibit
growth hormone,
radiation
Dwarfism
• Hypofunction of
pituitary in childhood
• Small size, but body
proportions and
intellect are normal
• Sexual immaturity
• RX- early diagnosis,
injection of growth
hormone.
Hyperthyroidism
• Overactive thyroid gland
• Too much thyroxine secreted
leading to enlargement of
gland, person has nervous
irritability
• People with this disease
consume large quantities of
food but lose body fat and
weight
• Most pronounced symptoms
are enlargement of gland
(GOITER) and bulging of
eyeballs (EXOPHTHALMOS)
Rx – total or partial removal of
thyroid gland, drugs or reduce
thyroxine, radiation
Hypothyroidism
• Not enough thyroxine
secreted
• May be due to lack of
iodine (simple goiter)
• Major cause of other
types is inflammation of
thyroid which destroys
the ability of the gland to
make thyroxine
• Symptoms – dry and itchy
skin, dry and brittle hair,
constipation, muscle
cramps at night
Tetany
• In hypoparathyroidism
decreased calcium
levels affect function
of nerves
• Convulsive twitching
develops, person dies
of spasms in the
respiratory muscles
• RX – vitamin D,
calcium and
parathormone
Diabetes Mellitus
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Caused by ↓ secretion of insulin
Can be insulin dependent
(juvenile) or non insulin dependent
Symps- polyuria, polyphagia,
polydipsia, weight loss, blurred
vision, and possible diabetic coma
If not treated, excess glucose in
blood (hyperglycemia) and
glucose secreted in urine
(glycosuria)
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Since glucose not available for
cellular oxidation, body starts to
burn up protein and fat
If too much insulin is given, blood
sugar may go too low
(hypoglycemia→ insulin shock)
If blood sugar gets too highhyperglycemia→ diabetic coma
Type II (non-insulin dependent) is
most common, usually familial,
occurs later in life, control with oral
hypoglycemia drugs and diet
Tests for Diabetes –blood sample
measured in glucometer done by
patient in home- normal blood
sugar 80-100 mgms
Urinalysis is a simple test used to
diagnose diabetes
Disorders of the Endocrine
Before
System
Cushing's Syndrome
Cushing's syndrome is a hormonal disorder
caused by prolonged exposure of the
body's tissues to high levels of the
hormone cortisol. Sometimes called
"hypercortisolism," it is relatively rare and
most commonly affects adults aged 20 to
50. An estimated 10 to 15 of every million
people are affected each year.
What are the symptoms of Cushing's
syndrome?
Symptoms vary, but most people have
upper body obesity, rounded face,
increased fat around the neck, and thinning
arms and legs. Children tend to be obese
with slowed growth rates.
After
• Many people suffer the symptoms of Cushing's
syndrome because they take glucocorticoid
hormones such as prednisone for asthma,
rheumatoid arthritis, lupus and other
inflammatory diseases, or for
immunosuppression after transplantation.
• Pituitary adenomas cause most cases of
Cushing's syndrome. They are benign, or noncancerous, tumors of the pituitary gland which secrete
increased amounts of ACTH. Most patients have a single
adenoma. This form of the syndrome, known as
"Cushing's disease," affects women five times more
frequently than men.
Addison's disease
Addison's disease is an endocrine or
hormonal disorder that occurs in all
age groups and afflicts men and
women equally.
What is the cause of Addison’s disease?
What are the most common symptoms of
Addison’s disease?
The disease is characterized by weight
loss, muscle weakness, fatigue, low blood
pressure, and sometimes darkening of the
skin in both exposed and nonexposed
parts of the body.
How is Addison’s disease treated?
Treatment of Addison's disease involves replacing, or substituting, the hormones that
the adrenal glands are not making. Cortisol is replaced orally with hydrocortisone
tablets, a synthetic glucocorticoid, taken once or twice a day. If aldosterone is also
deficient, it is replaced with oral doses of a mineralocorticoid called fludrocortisone
acetate (Florinef), which is taken once a day.
Steroid Abuse
in Sports
What are the risks?
Males
These effects can cause any or all of the following
problems in men:
Temporary infertility or sterility (reversible)
Altered sex drive
Prostate enlargement, and increased prostate cancer
risk
Irreversible breast enlargement
Painful erections
Shrinkage of the testicles
Reduced levels of testosterone
Abnormal sperm production
Increased levels of estrogen
Females
Increased risk of cervical and endometrial
cancer
Increased risk of osteoporosis
Temporary infertility or sterility (reversible)
Altered sex drive
Birth defects in future children
Changes in fat distribution
Growth of facial and body hair
Deepening of the voice
Shrinkage of the breasts and uterus
Clitoral enlargement
Menstrual irregularity
Changes in the male reproductive system
are often reversible, if anabolic steroids
have not been abused for a long period of
time. Unfortunately, some of the changes
in women are NOT reversible.
Prolonged abuse of anabolic steroids very
often results in physical addiction. Abusers
must undergo a strict, medicallysupervised withdrawal program.