Transcript The Endocrine System

THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
BY ANDY TILLOTSON AND HOLDEN GJUKA
FUNCTION AND PROCESSES
• METABOLIC PROCESSES
• WATER AND ELECTROLYTE BALANCES
• CHEMICAL REACTIONS
• AIDS IN TRANSPORT
• REPRODUCTION, DEVELOPMENT, AND GROWTH
ENDOCRINE GLANDS AND EXOCRINE GLANDS
• THE 2 PRIMARY GLANDS
• EXOCRINE GLANDS SECRETE
OUTSIDE THE BODY
• ENDOCRINE GLANDS SECRETE
INTO THE BLOOD STREAM
HORMONES
• HORMONES ARE CHEMICAL SECRETIONS
FROM GLANDS
• THEY ONLY WORK ON TARGET CELLS
• ELICIT A RESPONSE FROM TARGET CELL
CAUSING CHANGE.
MAJOR ENDOCRINE GLANDS
• THE MAJOR ENDOCRINE GLANDS ARE,
• PITUITARY GLAND
• THYROID GLAND
• PARATHYROID GLANDS
• ADRENAL GLANDS
• PANCREAS
• PINEAL GLAND
• THYMUS GLAND
• REPRODUCTIVE GLANDS, (TESTES AND OVARIES)
PITUITARY GLAND AND ANTERIOR PITUITARY
HORMONES
• LOCATED AT BASE OF THE BRAIN UNDER THE
HYPOTHALAMUS
• GROWTH HORMONE, STIMULATES DIVISION OF
CELLS
• PROLACTIN, STIMULATES MILK GROWTH IN WOMEN,
UNKNOWN IN MEN
• THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE, CONTROLS RATE
OF THYROID SECRETIONS
• ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE, CONTROLS
SECRETION OF ADRENAL GLAND
• FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE AND LUTEINIZING
HORMONE, BOTH GONADOTROPINS, ONLY WORK
ON REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS.
POSTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES
• ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE, DECREASES URINE
FORMATION.
• OXYTOCIN, CONSTRICTS UTERINE WALL
DURING CHILDBIRTH, AND CAUSES MILK TO
BE RELEASED FROM BREASTS
THYROID GLAND
• LARGE GLAND JUST BELOW LARYNX
• THYROXINE AND TRIIODOTHYRONINE
REGULATE METABOLISM OF
CARBOHYDRATES, LIPIDS, AND PROTEINS
• TRIIODOTHYRONINE IS STRONGER THAN
THYROXINE
PARATHYROID GLANDS
• ON THE POSTERIOR SURFACE OF THE
THYROID GLAND
• PARATHYROID HORMONE, INCREASES
BLOOD CALCIUM CONCENTRATION,
DECREASES BLOOD PHOSPHATE ION
CONCENTRATION
ADRENAL GLANDS/ADRENAL MEDULLA
• SITS ON TOP OF KIDNEYS
• TWO PARTS, ADRENAL MEDULLA AND
ADRENAL CORTEX
• EPINEPHRINE AND NOREPINEPHRINE
FUNCTION VERY SIMILARLY, CAUSE FIGHT
OR FLIGHT RESPONSES
ADRENAL CORTEX
• ALDOSTERONE, MINERALOCORTICOID,
REGULATES MINERAL ELECTROLYTES.
• CORTISOL, GLUCOCORTICOID, AFFECTS
GLUCOSE METABOLISM
PANCREAS
• LOCATED POSTERIOR TO THE STOMACH
• GLUCAGON, STIMULATES LIVER TO BREAK
DOWN GLYCOGEN AND
NONCARBOHYDRATES.
• INSULIN, STIMULATES LIVER TO FORM
GLYCOGEN AND INHIBITS THE BREAKDOWN
OF NONCARBOHYDRATES.
PINEAL GLAND
• LOCATED DEEP BETWEEN CEREBRAL
HEMISPHERES
• SECRETES MELATONIN IN RESPONSE TO
LIGHT DECISIONS OUTSIDE BODY,
DARKNESS CAUSES MORE MELATONIN, AND
THIS HELPS REGULATE CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS
THYMUS GLAND
• LOCATED IN THE MEDIASTINUM, BETWEEN
THE LUNGS
• SECRETES HORMONES CALLED THYMOSINS,
WHICH REGULATE WHITE BLOOD CELLS
REPRODUCTIVE GLANDS
• LOCATED IN THE GENITAL AREA
• OVARIES PRODUCE ESTROGEN AND
PROGESTERONE
• AND TESTES PRODUCE TESTOSTERONE BOTH
OF WHICH CAUSE THE DIFFERENCE IN MALES
AND FEMALES
REGULATION OF HORMONES
• ALL 3 WAYS USE A NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
SYSTEM
• HYPOTHALAMUS
• DIRECT NERVOUS SYSTEM
• RESPONDS DIRECTLY TO INTERNAL
ENVIRONMENT CHANGES
NERVOUS SYSTEMS CONNECTION TO SECRETION
• NERVOUS SYSTEM SENDS SYMPATHETIC
NERVE IMPULSES, AND SEVERAL GLANDS
CAN RESPOND TO THAT DIRECTLY.
STEROIDS AND NONSTEROIDS
• NON-STEROID, DOES NOT MAKE NEW
PROTEINS
• STEROID, MAKES NEW PROTEINS
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEMS
• HORMONES ARE REGULATED WITH
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEMS
• LOOKS LIKE A SINE WAVE
• HORMONES DO NOT STAY AT
HOMEOSTASIS
• GO ABOVE AND BELOW.
DISEASES
• HYPOPITUITARY DWARFISM, TOO LITTLE
GROWTH HORMONE, NORMAL PERSON, JUST
SMALL.
• GIGANTISM, TOO MUCH GROWTH
HORMONE, HAS SEVERAL METABOLIC
DISTURBANCES
• ACROMEGALY, OVERPRODUCTION OF
GROWTH HORMONE AS AN ADULT,
ENLARGED THINGS SUCH AS HEART, FEET,
HANDS, HEAD, THYROID GLAND.
DISEASES CONT.
• HYPERTHYROIDISM AND HYPOTHYROIDISM,
BOTH ARE DISORDERS IN THYROID, HYPO
WILL CAUSE STUNTED EVERYTHING IN A
CHILD, STUNTED GROWTH, MENTAL
RETARDATION
• HYPERTHYROIDISM CAUSES OVEREATING,
RAISED TEMPERATURE, AND INCREASED
METABOLIC RATE.
DISEASES CONT.
• DIABETES MELLITUS, CAUSED BY A LACK OF
INSULIN, KILLS CHILDREN WITHOUT INSULIN,
BUT WITH INSULIN, LEADS TO DISTURBANCE IN
BREAKDOWN OF SUGARS AND EFFECTS BODY
PARTS.
• HAS 3 TYPES OF DIABETES.
• TYPE 1, NO INSULIN, SEMI RARE
• TYPE 2, HAS INSULIN, NO RECOGNITION, 8590% OF DIABETES ARE TYPE 2
BIBLIOGRAPHY
• BLYTHE. THYROID MOM. THYROIDMOM.COM. 16 DEC. 2013. WEB.
• KOEPPE & STANTON. BERNE AND LEVY PHYSIOLOGY, 6TH EDITION. 2008. MOSBY. ELSEVIER.
PRINT.
• PEARSON EDUCATION. 2013. PRINT.
• CARYLYN IVERSON. 2012. PRINT.
• ADDISON. WESLEY LONGMAN. PRINT.