Endocrine system - Napa Valley College
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Transcript Endocrine system - Napa Valley College
Endocrine system
Chapter 13
Objectives:
Describe the vital function of the endocrine
system
State the description and primary functions
of the organs and structures of the
endocrine system
Identify some of the hormones produced
Identify medical words
Introduce and review Root words, prefixes
and suffixes in the endocrine system
Contd:
Endocrinology is the study of the
endocrine system
Endocrinologist is a physician who
specializes in the medical practice of
endocrinology
Anatomy and Physiology:
the endocrine system influences
almost every cell, organ, and function
of our bodies.
It is instrumental in regulating mood,
growth and development, tissue
function, metabolism, and sexual
function and reproductive processes.
Contd:
The vital function of the endocrine
system involves the production
and regulation of chemical
substances called
Hormones
The word hormone is derived
from the Greek language
Means to excite or urge on
Contd:
The foundations of the endocrine
system are the hormones and glands.
hormones transfer information and
instructions from one set of cells to
another.
Each type of hormone is designed to
affect only certain cells.
Contd:
Hyposecretion or hypersecretion of
specific hormones can cause or be
associated with many pathological
conditions.
Too much or too little of any hormones
can be harmful to the body
Controlling the production of or
replacing specific hormones can treat
many hormonal conditions
Parts of the Endocrine System:
The major glands that make up
the human endocrine system are:
the hypothalamus, pituitary,
thyroid, parathyroid's, adrenals,
pineal body, and the reproductive
glands, which include the ovaries
and testes.
Glands: The Hypothalamus
a collection of specialized cells that is
located in the lower central part of the
brain
is the primary link between the
endocrine and nervous systems.
The hypothalamus controls the
pituitary gland by producing chemicals
that either stimulate or suppress
hormone secretions from the pituitary.
The Pituitary Gland:
it is no bigger than a pea
located at the base of the brain just
beneath the hypothalamus
is considered the most important part
of the endocrine system
It's often called the "master gland"
because it makes hormones that
control several other endocrine
glands.
Contd:
The tiny pituitary gland is divided into
two parts: the anterior lobe and the
posterior lobe.
The anterior lobe regulates the
activity of the thyroid, adrenals, and
reproductive glands.
also secretes endorphins, chemicals
that act on the nervous system to
reduce sensitivity to pain.
Contd:
The anterior lobe also
secretes hormones that signal
the ovaries and testes to
make sex hormones.
also controls ovulation and
the menstrual cycle in women.
Contd:
The posterior lobe of the pituitary
releases antidiuretic hormone, which
helps control body water balance
through its effect on the kidneys and
urine output;
Also releases oxytocin, which triggers
the contractions of the uterus that
occur during labor.
The Pineal Gland:
is located in the middle of the
brain.
It secretes melatonin, a hormone
that may help regulate the wakesleep cycle.
Cone shaped structure attached
by a stalk to the posterior wall of
the cerebrum
The Thyroid:
located in the front part of the lower
neck
is shaped like a bow tie or butterfly
produces thyroid hormones
These hormones (thyroxine and
triiodothyronine) control the rate at
which cells burn fuels from food to
produce energy.
Contd:
Thyroid hormones also play a key
role in bone growth and the
development of the brain and
nervous system in children.
The production and release of
thyroid hormones is controlled by
thyrotropin, which is secreted by
the pituitary gland.
Parathyroid:
Are four tiny glands attached to
the thyroid that function together
They release parathyroid
hormone, which regulates the
level of calcium in the blood with
the help of calcitonin, which is
produced in the thyroid.
Pancreas:
The pancreas produces (in addition to
others) two important hormones, insulin
and glucagon.
They work together to maintain a steady
level of glucose, or sugar, in the blood to
help maintain and store energy
Composed of three major types of cells:
alpha, beta and delta
See page 447 of your text for each function
The Adrenal Glands:
The body has two triangular
adrenal glands, one on top of
each kidney.
The adrenal glands have two
parts, each of which produces a
set of hormones and has a
different function.
Contd:
The outer part, the adrenal
cortex, produces hormones called
corticosteroids that influence or
regulate salt and water balance in
the body
Also influences the body's
response to stress, metabolism,
the immune system, and sexual
development and function.
Contd:
The inner part, the adrenal medulla,
produces catecholamines, such as
epinephrine.
Also called adrenaline, epinephrine
It increases blood pressure and heart
rate when the body experiences
stress.
Gonads:
The gonads are the main source of sex
hormones.
In males, they are located in the scrotum.
Male gonads, or testes, secrete hormones
called androgens, the most important of
which is testosterone.
These hormones regulate body changes
associated with sexual development.
Working with hormones from the pituitary
gland, testosterone also supports the
production of sperm by the testes.
Contd:
The female gonads, the ovaries, are
located in the pelvis.
They produce eggs and secrete the female
hormones estrogen and progesterone.
Estrogen is involved in the development of
female sexual features.
Both estrogen and progesterone are also
involved in pregnancy and the regulation of
the menstrual cycle.
Thymus:
is an organ located in the upper
anterior portion of the chest cavity just
behind the sternum.
The main function of the thymus is to
provide an area for T cell maturation,
and is vital in protecting against
autoimmunity.
Abbreviations:
ADA American diabetes
Association
BMR Basal metabolic rate
DI
Diabetes insipidus
DM
Diabetes mellitus
FBS Fasting blood sugar
GTT Glucose tolerance test
Contd:
IDDM
Insulin-dependant diabetes
mellitus (Type I)
NIDDM Non –insulin dependent
diabetes mellitus (Type 2)
PRL
Prolactin
Adenectomy
Aden
-ectomy
gland
surgical excision
Surgical excision of a gland