Transcript Body Organization PPT

Body Organization
Anatomy Terminology
and Tissues
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Caduceus (kuh-DOO-see-us)
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Staff with two entwined snakes and two wings at the top, symbolizing a
physician.
The Greek god Hermes (“Mercury”), who served as herald and
messenger to the other gods, carried a winged staff entwined with two
snakes.
Used as a medical symbol by commercial companies (drug
companies) and military.
Staff of Asclepius (a-SKLEEP-ee-us)
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The staff of Asclepius, the god of healing, had one snake and no
wings.
This is the symbol used by the American Medical Association.
ORGANIZATION OF THE BODY BY
SYSTEMS
During the semester, we will study Anatomy by these systems:
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Integumentary
Musculoskeletal
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular system
Lymphatic
Respiratory
Gastrointestinal (Digestive)
Renal (urinary)
Reproductive
Embryology
But, before we can study
these systems, you need
the following introductory
lecture.
ParaSagittal
plane
Body Planes
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Frontal (Coronal)
Sagittal
Transverse
Sagittal
plane
Body Planes and Sections
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Frontal (coronal) plane
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Lies vertically and divides body or organ into anterior and
posterior parts.
Sagittal plane
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Divides right from left side of body or organ
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Midsagittal (median) plane
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Parasagittal plane
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Specific sagittal plane that lies vertically in the midline
and divides body into EQUAL right and left sides
Specific sagittal plane that lies vertically in the midline
and divides body into UNEQUAL right and left sides
Transverse plane
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Divides body or organ into superior-inferior parts
Movements in the Body Planes
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Frontal (coronal) plane motion
– Frontal plane motion is that of washing a
window in front of you.
Sagittal plane motion
– Sagittal plane motion is that of rubbing your
palms together in front of you.
Transverse plane motion
– Transverse plane motion is that of polishing a
coffee table.
Body Planes and Sections
Figure 1.5
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Banana Sectioned into Planes
Transverse
plane
Sagittal
plane
Frontal
plane
Figure 1.6
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Body Regions
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Axial Region (down midline of body)
Appendicular Region (limbs)
Body Cavities
Figure 1.8a
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Body Cavities
Figure 1.8b
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REGIONS OF THE BODY
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1. Axial Region (Goes down midline of the body)
– a) Head
– b) Neck
– c) Trunk (has 3 parts)
1) Thorax (chest area). Above diaphragm. Contains heart and lungs.
– Pectoral Region (chest)
– Costal ( rib) margin
2) Abdomen (not called the stomach!). Contains the digestive organs
Lumbar region (low back)
Gluteal region (buttocks)
3) Pelvis (covered by the G-String) Contains urinary, and reproductive organs
Inguinal region (Groin)
REGIONS OF THE BODY
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2. Appendicular Region (limbs)
a) Upper Limbs
1) Axilla (armpit)
2) Arm (Brachium): shoulder to elbow
Antecubital fossa (inside of elbow, where blood is drawn)
3) Forearm (elbow to wrist). Don’t confuse with arm!
4) Wrist
5) Hand: 5 digits:
4 fingers with 3 phalanges each;
thumb with 2 phalanges;
Pollex: Thumb
Palmar surface: Palm
Cubital fossa: inside of elbow
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Cubit is a unit
of length:
from the
elbow to the
tip of the
middle finger
About 18
inches
REGIONS OF THE BODY
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2. Appendicular Region (limbs)
b) Lower Limbs
1) Thigh (hip to knee). Don’t confuse with leg!
2) Leg (knee to ankle).
Calf (back of the leg)
Popliteal region (behind knee)
3) Ankle
4) Foot: 5 digits
Hallux: big toe
Plantar surface: sole of foot
Regional Terms
(not on the quiz or test)
Figure 1.4a
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Regional Terms
(not on the quiz or test)
Figure 1.4b
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Anatomical Position
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The body standing erect, facing forward, feet
together, toes pointed anteriorly, hands at
one’s side, fingers pointing inferiorly, and
palms facing forward.
Once the body is in this position (or imagined
to be in this position,) the positional terms
can be used correctly.
Anatomical
Position
Anatomical Position
The person is standing up straight
The palms face anteriorly
The knees, elbow, and neck are
straight (not bent)
The toes point anteriorly, but the
fingers point inferiorly
Left and Right: yours or the patient’s?
Figure 1.3
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Positional Terms
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These are terms used to describe the position of
certain structures on the body.
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Note: These are “relative terms.” This means that
these words are usually used in relating the position of
one body structure to another. You can’t say, “He is
shorter”. You have to say, “He is shorter than John”.
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Incorrect: the nose is medial
Correct: the nose is medial to the ears
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Positional Terms
Anterior/Ventral: towards the front of the body (includes palms and soles)
 Posterior/Dorsal: towards the back of the body
 Superior: towards the head
 Inferior: towards the feet
 Medial (NOT MIDDLE): closer to the midline than…
 Lateral: away from the midline of the body
 Superficial (external): toward the external environment
 Deep (internal): towards the most internal part of the body
 Proximal: closer to the heart than…. (refers to limbs); (don’t confuse with superior!)
 Distal: farther away from the heart than… (refers to limbs); don’t confuse with
inferior!
 Supine: Laying on one’s back
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23Prone: Laying on one’s abdomen
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Sample questions
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Skin is ____ to the muscles.
Bones are _____ to the muscles.
The nose is _____ to the ears.
The shoulders are _____ to the elbows.
The wrists are ____ to the elbows.
The upper extremities are ____ to the
abdomen.
The thumb is ______ to the pinky.
Sample questions
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Skin is superficial to the muscles.
Bones are deep to the muscles.
The nose is anterior (or medial) to the ears.
The shoulders are proximal (or superior) to the
elbows.
The wrists are distal (or inferior) to the elbows.
The upper extremities are lateral to the abdomen.
The thumb is lateral to the pinky.
NOTE
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Use the term “Internal”, NOT “Interior” when
referring to areas inside the body.
Positional Terms
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Positional Terms
(Skip)
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Positional Terms
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Movement Terms
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Flexion: to decrease the angle of a joint
Extension: to increase the angle of a joint, returning it to
anatomical position
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Hyperextension: extension beyond anatomical position
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In the foot, there are special terms used instead of
flexion/extension:
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Dorsiflexion: flexion of the ankle joint; to raise the toes up in
the air. When you stand on your heels with your toes up in the
air, you are dorsiflexing your ankle joints.
Plantarflexion: extension of the ankle joint; to point the toes
downward. When you stand on your toes, you are
plantarflexing your ankle joints.
Flexion and Extension
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Flexion and Extension
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Flexion, Extension, Hyperextension
Hyperextension
Extension
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Movement Terms
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Abduction: to move a body part away from the midline of the body in
the frontal plane, as in moving your arms out to your right and left side.
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Adduction: to move a body part toward the midline of the body in the
frontal plane, as in moving your arms from the an abducted position, back to
your sides.
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Circumduction: to move a body part in a circle
Rotation: to pivot a body part around an axis, as in shaking the head “no”
Abduction, Adduction, Circumduction
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Movement Terms
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Internal Rotation: to move a limb toward the midline of the body in
the transverse plane
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External Rotation: to move a limb away from the midline of the body
in the transverse plane
These two terms are usually used to describe motions of
the shoulder or hips.
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Internal Rotation
External Rotation
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Movement Terms
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Inversion: turning the body part toward the midline of the body in
the frontal plane. Used to describe hands and feet only, although the
feet cannot really turn medially in the sagittal plane because of the
shape of the ankle joint.
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Eversion: turning the body part away from the midline of the body
in the frontal plane. Used to describe hands and feet only, although the
feet cannot really turn laterally in the sagittal plane because of the
shape of the ankle joint.
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Movements of the
Hand or Foot Only
Supination and Pronation are movements in three planes.
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Supination
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Pronation
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Inversion
Adduction
Dorsiflexion
Eversion
Abduction
Plantarflexion
Pronation
Supination
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Pronation and Supination
Supination
Pronation
Figure 9.6a
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Common Confusion of
POSITIONS vs. MOVEMENTS
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Prone: a POSITION, not a movement; body is lying face down.
Pronation: a MOVEMENT; when the palm is turned downward (in
Anatomical Position, the palm will face posterior). The foot can also
be pronated; the sole turns laterally away from the body. Pronation
of the foot is a tri-plane movement of plantarflexion, abduction, and
eversion.
Supine: a POSITION, not a movement; body is laying on the back.
Supination: a MOVEMENT; when the palm is turned upward, like
holding a bowl of soup (in Anatomical Position, the palm will face
anterior). The foot can also be supinated; the sole turns medially
towards the body. Supination of the foot is a tri-plane movement of
dorsiflexion, adduction, and inversion.
Shoulder and Hip Movements
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Know the difference between these
movements at the shoulder and hip:
Adduction/Abduction: moving your
arms/thighs away from the body laterally in
the frontal plane
Flexion/Extension: moving your arms/thighs
away from the body in front of you in the
sagittal plane.
Internal/External rotation: movement in the
transverse plane.
Movement Terms
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Protraction – to project a body part
anteriorly, such as the shoulders or jaw
Retraction – to pull a body part posteriorly
Movement Terms
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Elevation – lifting a body part superiorly
Depression – lowering a body part inferiorly
Movement Terms
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Opposition – movement of the thumb to
touch the tips of other fingers
Body Cavities and Membranes
Figure 1.9a, b
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Body Cavities and Membranes
Figure 1.9c
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or Rx means “prescription”
• The "R" in "Rx" stands for the Latin word
"recipe," meaning "take“.
• Those two letters were a 19th-century take on
a 16th-century symbol, the letter R with a line
through its slanted leg—the line signaling that
the "R" is functioning as an abbreviation.
• It wasn't till the early 20th century that "Rx"
came to be used as the noun we know today.
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Other Anatomy Terms
• Idiopathic
– "a disease or condition the cause of which is not
known or that arises spontaneously". From Greek
idios (one's own) + pathos (suffering).
• Iatrogenic
– "originating from a physician" is preventable
harm resulting from medical treatment or advice
to patients.
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Body parts you can use as
units of measurement
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Hand span
Foot length
The distance from the tip of the thumb to the first knuckle. Previously used to
measure 1 inch or 2.54cm
The distance from tip of nose to end of your thumb with your arm outstretched.
Previously used to measure a yard or 36 inches or 91.44cm. Used by ancient cloth
merchants.
The length from the point of your bent elbow to your middle fingertip. Previously
used to measure a cubit or 18 inches or 46 cm. Used by Noah in building the ark
and the Egyptians to build the pyramids.
The length of rope held between two hands with the arms outstretched.
Previously used to measure a fathom of 72 inches or 183cm. Used by sailors.
The length of a single step from the heel on one foot to the heal of the other.
Modern terminology has adopted the ancient Roman term of a pace, measuring
around 30 inches or 760 mm. However, ancient Roman measurement for a pace
was actually a double-pace or passus and was nominally the measure of a full
stride from the position of the heel when it is raised from the ground to the point
the same heel is set down again at the end of the step, being about 58.1 inches or
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1.48 meters.
Anatomy Learning Games
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http://msjensen.cehd.umn.edu/webanatomy_archive/GAME/default.html
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3D Interactive Anatomy Atlas ($40): VisibleBody.com
http://www.visiblebody.com/moviedemo/
•
The Memory Book: The Classic Guide to Improving Your Memory at Work, at
School, and at Play
by Harry Lorayne (Author) , Jerry Lucas (Author)
•
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