Transcript Anatomical terms

Anatomical terms
A. General terms for locations and surfaces
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1. ventral: (L. venter = belly) away from backbone
or toward front of body
2. dorsal: (L. dorsum = back) toward backbone,
away from front of body
3. anterior: toward the front, or away from back.
Usually used with reference to free extremities or
the head, but may be used interchangeably with
ventral.
4. posterior: toward the back, or away from front.
Can be used interchangeably with dorsal.
5. In hands and forearms, palmar used for
ventral, while dorsal retained. In feet, sole of foot
called plantar, while dorsal is top of foot.
6. superficial: toward the surface
7. deep: away from surface
8. superior: upper
9. inferior: lower
10. cranial: toward head--rostral and cephalad used
too
11. caudal: toward tail, away from head
12. external: toward the outer surface--used most
often to describe body cavities or body wall, but
sometimes used interchangeably with superficial
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13. internal: toward the inner surface,
interchangeable with deep
14. medial: toward the axis or midline
15. lateral: away from axis or midline
16. proximal (L. proximus = next): toward the body or
toward the root of a free extremity
17. distal (distant): away from body or root of free
extremity
18. central: pertaining to or situated at center
19. peripheral (L. peri = around): toward the outward
surface or part.
20. buccal: pertaining to mouth or inner surface of
cheeks
21. cervical: pertaining to neck
22. contralateral: opposite side
23. ipsilateral: same side
24. costal: pertaining to ribs
B. Planes of Reference:
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sagittal plane: vertical cut which divides body
uneven into right and left halves--parallel to sagittal
suture
a. Medial sagittal or midsagittal or medial
plane: divides body midline into left/right halves
2.
frontal or coronal plane: divides body into front
and back parts--parallel with coronal suture
3.
transverse plane: horizontal plane dividing body
into upper and lower parts
C. Descriptive terminology on bones
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condyle: rounded or knucklelike process (bony
prominence)
2.
spine: sharp projection
3.
tubercle: sm. rounded projection
4.
tuberosity: lg. rounded projection
5.
fissure: cleft or deep groove
6.
foramen: an opening or perforation in a bone
or cartilage
7.
groove: furrow
8.
meatus: tube or passageway
9.
sinus: cavity within bone
10. sulcus: groove or furrow
11. protuberance: swelling, or knoblike outgrowth
D.
Names of muscles
1.
Geometric names--reflect shape of m.
(quadratus=square)
2.
General form names--gracilis (slender);
digastricus (2 bellied); serratus (sawlike)
3.
Location in body--temporalis (temple);
intercostal (between ribs); subclavius (under
clavicle)
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Descriptive terms--major, minor, external,
internal, rectus (straight), & oblique
5.
Number of heads of origin (biceps, triceps)
6.
Reflect attachments--sternocleidomastoid (to
mastoid process of temporal bone); palatoglossus
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Function--levator veli palatini, tensor tympani
Speech Production: An
Overview
• Where does speech begin?
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Speech begins at the cortical level, with an idea that
you want to communicate. The thought process
leads to neural impulses being sent to muscles of
breathing, larynx, and to the articulators. Impulses
can be delivered to all musculature simultaneously,
or to an individual structure. There is temporal
overlap and mutual influence on the structures
involved in speech. For example, we phonate at the
same time the articulators are moving. Changes in
resistance in the artic. system and phonatory
system influence the respiratory system. Feedback
as to the production of speech is important.
Some cortical areas
important for motor
speech
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What areas would be active if you are speaking words?
What areas would be active if you were listening to words?
Speaking isn’t easy for
everyone. Verbal
communication involves the
following.
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Intention to verbally
communicate/Conceptualization A desire to
do something is developed.
Thoughts/ideas/feelings emerge, as does desire
to act upon them. The whole brain is involved.
Linguistic, symbolic planning
Semantic construction of the message, recall and
selection of words, and syntactic, morphological,
and phonological planning occur simultaneously
Motor planning
Gradual transformation of phonemes to a code
that can be handled by the motor system occurs
Motor programming
Selection of movements is made, as is the
programming of sequential and durational aspects
of movement. Becomes automatic over time.
Execution
Muscles move
Speech-Language
issues related to level
of problem
1. Dementia
2. Aphasia (see next slide)
3 & 4. Apraxia
5. Dysarthria
Example of speech of person with Broca’s describing
Cookie Theft picture.
“uh…mother and
dad…no…mother…dishes…uh…runnin
over…water…and floor…and they…uh…wipin
disses…and…uh…two kids…uh…stool…and
cookie…cookie jar…uh…cabinet and stool…uh…tippin
over…and…uh…bad…and somebody…gonna get
hurt.”
• Speech subsystems
• http://www.keepingkidshealth
y.org
• For sp. production we need source of
energy, and a vibrating element.
1. Primary source for energy is lower
respiratory tract, esp. lungs. Conversion of
air flow into sound can take place anywhere
along the vocal tract (lying above the v. folds).
Ex. fricative noise = constricting vocal tract
producing turbulence; plosive sound = flow
momentarily blocked; vibration of v. folds for
voiced sounds.
• Name 3 voiced phonemes.
• Name 3 unvoiced sounds.
2. The primary source of vibration (creating a
disturbance in the air flowing from the lungs)
is the vocal folds. A noise has been generated
by airflow through the closed/adducted vocal
folds.
Is this the speech you hear?
• No, upper cavities and the articulators must
shape the noise to produce sounds or
phonemes, which are combined into words,
sentences, etc.
• Name three articulators.
• What phoneme is being
produced?
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