Transcript Diapositiva 1

Skeletal System
Fidya, drg, M.Si
Part of Skeletal System
• Skeleton
• Cartilages
• Ligaments
• Joint
Consist of :
• Birth skeletal 270
• Adult skeletal 207/206
Why different?
Function of Skeletal
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Support
Storage of minerals
Blood cell production
Protection
Body movement
FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETON
• Supports the body.
– The bones of the lower limbs
support the entire body when we
are standing, and the pelvic girdle
supports the the abdominal cavity
• Protects soft body part
– The bones of the skull protect the
brain; The rib cage protects the
heart and lungs.
• Produces blood cells
– All bones in the fetus have red bone
marrow that produces blood cells.
In the adult, only certain bones
produce blood cells.
• Stores minerals and fat
– All bones have a matrix that contains calcium
phosphate, a source of calcium ions and phosphate
ions in the blood. Fat is stored in yellow bone
marrow
• Along with the muscles, permits flexible body
movement
– While articulations ( joints ) occur between all the
bones, we associate body movement in particular
with the bones of the limbs
Skeletal System
Divide into 2 division:
• Axial skeleton
• Appendicular skeleton
Skeletal System
Axial Skeleton
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Skull
Hyoid Bone
Auditory ossicle
Vertebral Column
Rib cage
Appendicular skeleton
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Pectoral gridle
Upper extremitas
Pelvic gridle
Lower extremitas
Skull
Consist of:
Cranial bone (8)
Facial bone (14)
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frontal (1)
parietal (2)
occipital (1)
temporal (2)
sphenoid (1)
ethmoid (1)
maxilla (2)
palatine (2)
zygomatic (2)
lacrimal (2)
nasal (2)
vomer (1)
inferior nasal concha (2)
mandible (1)
Mandible
• Forms the lower
jaw
• Largest, strongest
bone of the face
• It has a body and
two upwardly
projecting sections
called rami
• Houses lower
dentition
Hyoid Bones
• The hyoid bone
• Supports the tongue
• Assists in swallowing
above the larynx
below the mandible
Os Hyoid
• Unique part of the skeleton
not attach
directly to any other bone.
• Located: the neck region, below the
mandible. Suspended from the styloid
process of the temporal bone by the
stylohyoid muscles and ligaments.
• Has a body, two lesser cornua extending
anteriorly, and two greater cornua, which
project posteriorly to the stylohyoid
ligaments.
• Supports the tongue and provides
attachment for some of its muscles.
• It may be palpated by placing a thumb and
a finger on either side of the upper neck
under the lateral portions of the mandible
and firmly squeezing medially.
In case: Fracture Hyoid
• This bone is carefully examined in an autopsy when
strangulation is suspected, because it is frequently
fractured during strangulation.
• However, this is not necessarily the case in children and
adolescents, where the hyoid bone is still flexible as
ossification is yet to be completed
Auditory ossicle
• Three small paired bones,
called auditory ossicles
• Located within the middleear cavities in the petrous
part of the temporal bones.
• From outer to inner, the
malleus (“hammer”), incus
(“anvil”), and stapes
(“stirrup”).
• Their movements transmit
sound impulses through the
middle-ear
Vertebral Column
• Composed of 33 individual vertebrae, some of which are fused.
• Consist of 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 4 to 5 fused sacral,
and 3 or 5 fused coccygeal
• Adult vertebral column composed of a total of 26 movable parts.
• Vertebrae are separated by fibrocartilaginous intervertebral discs.
• Secured to each other by interlocking processes and binding
ligaments.
• Between the vertebrae are openings called intervertebral foramina
that allow passage of spinal nerves.
General structure of vertebrae
• Common pattern
– Body or centrum
– Vertebral arch
• lamina
• pedicle
– Vertebral
foramen
– Spinous process
• Muscles attach
– Transverse
process
• Muscles attach
General structure of vertebrae
• Interlocking pattern
– Superior and
inferior processes
interlock
– The inferior from
above and the
superior from the
vertebrae below
form a movable
joint
– The movement
contributes to
spinal rotation
Superior Articular
Process
Regional Characteristic: Cervical
• Body is oval, but
wide side to side C3
- C7
• Spinous process is
short and bifid (split)
except in C7
• Vertebral foramen is
triangular
• Transverse
processes contain
foramina for blood
vessels leading to
brain
Cervical Vertebrae C1
• Lateral masses articulates with the occipital
condyles of the skull
Cervical Vertebrae C1
Body of the
Vertebrae is
missing
• Inferior articular surface articulates with C2
below
Cervical Vertebrae C2
• The axis has the
odontoid process
or dens is its
unique feature
• The dens is the
missing body of
the atlas which
fuses with the
atlas during
embryonic
development
Regional Characteristic: Cervical
• Spinous processes
project directly
posteriorly
• Superior facets
directed
superoposteriorly
• Inferior facets
directed
inferoanteriorly
• Flexion/extension,
lateral flexion and
rotation
Regional Characteristic: Thoracic
• Body is larger than
cervical; heart
shaped
• Spinous process is
long and sharp
• Vertebral foramen is
circular
• Transverse
processes project
posteriorly and bear
facets for ribs
Regional Characteristic: Lumbar
• Body is massive and
kidney shaped
• Spinous processes
are short and blunt
• Vertebral foramen is
triangular
• Transverse
processes are
perpendicular to
spinous process but
has no special
features
Regional Characteristic: Lumbar
• Spinous process
projects posteriorly
• Superior facets
directed medially
• Inferior facets
directed laterally
• Flexion/extension,
some lateral flexion,
rotation prevented
Sacral
• Ala are fused
remnants of transverse
processes that
articulate with hip
bones to form the
sacro iliac joints of the
pelvis
• Sacral promontory
– Center of gravity is 1
cm posterior of this
point
• Transverse line are
sites of vertebral fusion
Ala
Sacral
promontory
Sacral
• On the posterior
aspect median sacral
crest are fused
spinous processes
• The vertebral canal
continues inside the
sacrum as the sacral
canal
• Sacral hiatus is at the
inferior end of the
sacral canal
• Superior articular
surface form a joint
Coccyx
• Coccyx articulates with sacrum
Sternum
• Located on the
anterior midline of the
thorax
• Consists of three
fused bones;
manubrium, body, and
xiphoid process
• Manibrium articulates
with clavicle & 2 ribs
• Body with ribs 2 - 7
• Xiphoid attachment
site for abdominal
muscle
Ribs
Ribs
• Ribs are bowed
flat bones
• Long shaft
• Tear drop
shaped with a
costal groove on
inner surface
• Head of rib has 2
facets to
articulate with its
vertebrae as well
as the one above
Ribs
• Tubercle of rib
articulates with
transverse
process
• Ligaments secure
rib to transverse
process
• Note how the
transverse
processes of
thoracic vertebrae
are angled
posteriorly
Rib Cage
• The cone-shaped, flexible rib cage,
consists of the thoracic vertebrae,
• 12 paired ribs, costal cartilages, and the
sternum.
• Encloses and protects the thoracic viscera
• Directly involved in the mechanics of
breathing.
Pectoral Gridle
• Two scapulae and two clavicles
• having only an anterior attachment to the axial
skeleton
sternoclavicular joint at the sternum.
• Lacking a posterior attachment to the axial skeleton, the
pectoral girdle has a wide range of movement.
• Function:
- To provide attachment areas for the numerous
muscles that move the shoulder and elbow joints.
Claviculae
• Lies almost horizontally on each side of
the neck, extending from the sternum to
the acromion of the scapula
Scapulae
Upper Extremitas
• Brachium : - Humerus
• Antebrachium: - Radius
- Ulna
• Manus: - Carpus
- Metacarpus
- Phalanges
The humerus
is the longest
and largest bone
of the upper limb.
It extends from
the scapula to
the elbow joint
and has a body
and two ends
The bones of forearm
The radius
The radius is the lateral bone of the two in the forearm. It
has a shaft and two ends.
The proximal end
A head, neck and tuberosity;
head is disc-shaped and its upper surface is a shallow
cup—articular fovea for articulation with the capitulum of
the humerus. Its articular circumference articulates with
radial notch of the ulna.
Shaft of radius: interosseous border
Distal end
Ulnar notch, styloid process, carpal articular surface
The bones of hand
• Three parts: the carpal bones, the
metacarpal bones and phalanges
• The carpal bones
• There are eight short bones, arranged in
two rows of four
• Proximal row from lateral to medial
include:
• Distal row from lateral to medial include:
Pelvic Gridle
• Formed by two ossa coxae. together with sacrum and
coccyx
pelvis
• United anteriorly at the symphysis pubis
• Attached posteriorly to the sacrum of the vertebral
column.
• Function:
- support the weight of the body from the vertebral
column (with assosiated ligament)
- supports and protects the lower viscera, (urinary
bladder, reproductive organs, developing fetus)
Lower Extermitas
• The lower limb which is similar
to the upper, is connected to
the trunk by a girdle, the pelvix
girdle, the free lower limb is
divided into three segements,
the thigh, the leg and the foot.
• Femoralis
• Genu
• Crus : - Tibia
- Fibula
• Pes
Femoralis
Genu
Crus
Pes
Terima Kasih