Transcript Ch 6.3 - 6.5x

6.3 Appendicular Skeleton
A.Pectoral (shoulder) girdle
• Clavicles (collar bones)
a.Articulate medially with the manubrium as the
only attachment to the axial skeleton
b.Articulates laterally with the scapula
c. Serves as a brace for the scapula and stabilizes the
shoulder
Pectoral girdle, cont
2.
Scapulae (shoulder blade)
a.Spine
b.Acromion process
c. Coracoid process
d.Glenoid cavity – articulates with the head of the
humerus
Pectoral Girdle
B.Upper limb
• Humerus
a. Long bone of the arm
b. Proximal end features
1)Head articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula
2)Greater and lesser tubercles
3)Intertubercular groove
4)Deltoid tuberosity
c. Distal end features
1)Capitulum articulates with the head of the radius
2)Trochlea articulates with the ulna
3)Coronoid fossa
4)Olecranon fossa
Right Humerus
2.Radius
a. Lateral side of the forearm (thumb side)
b. Head articulates with the capitulum of the
humerus and fits into the radial notch of the
ulna
c. Radial tuberosity
d. Ulnar notch
e. Styloid process
3.Ulna
– Longer bone of the forearm
– Coronoid process
– Olecranon process
– Trochlear notch articulates with the trochlea of
the humerus
– Radial notch
– Head
– Styloid process
Right Radius & Ulna
4.Hand and wrist
a.Wrist (carpus) contains eight small bones
b.Five metacarpal bones form the palm
c. Phalanges
1)Bones of the fingers
2)The thumb has only two phalanges (proximal and
distal)
3)The other fingers have three phalanges each (proximal,
middle, and distal)
Right Wrist & Hand
C.Pelvic Girdle (hip)
• Bony pelvis – two coxal bones, sacrum, and
coccyx
• False and true pelvises
a.False pelvis - bounded laterally by flared parts of
ilium – large
b.True pelvis – ring bounded by sacrum, lower ilium,
ischium, and pubic bones – smaller
3.Coxal bones
a. Ilium (superior bone)
1)Iliac crest
2)Anterior and posterior iliac spines
3)Greater sciatic notch
4)Sacroiliac joint with sacrum
b.Ischium (inferior & posterior bone)
1)Ischial tuberosity
2)Ischial spine
Coxal bones, cont
c. Pubis (anterior, inferior bone)
1)Pubic symphysis
2)Obturator foramen
d.The three bones meet in the acetabulum – the
socket articulation with the head of the femur
4.Pelvic gender differences
a.Female has broader hips
b.Female pelvis is wider
c. Female inlet and outlet of the true pelvis are
wider
d.Female pelvic cavity is more shallow
e.Female bones are lighter and thinner
f. Female pubic arch is wider
The Pelvis
D.Lower Limb
• Femur
a. Longest and strongest bone in the body
b. Proximal end features
1)Head fits into acetabulum of coxal bone
2)Greater and lesser trochanters
3)Linea aspera
c. Distal end features
1)Medial and lateral epicondyles
2)Lateral and medial condyles articulate with the tibia
3)Patellar surface articulates with the patella
Right Femur
Lower limb, cont
2. Tibia
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Medial bone of the lower leg
Bears the weight from the femur
Medial and lateral condyles articulate with the femur
Tibial tuberosity
Anterior crest
Medial malleolus articulates with the talus in the
ankle
3. Fibula
a. Lateral to the tibia
b. Stabilizes ankle
c. Lateral malleolus
Bones of the Right Leg
Lower limb, cont
4. Foot and ankle
a. Seven tarsal bones
1) Only the talus can move freely
2) The calcaneus and the talus support the weight of the
body
b. Five metatarsal bones form the instep
c. The phalanges form the toes
• Big toe has only two phalanges – proximal and distal
• Three phalanges in other toes – proximal, middle, and
distal
The Right Foot
6.4 Joints (Articulations)
A.Classification of Joints
• Classification according to the amount of
movement
a.Synarthrosis – immovable
b.Amphiarthrosis – slightly moveable
c. Diarthrosis – freely moveable
• Classification according to structure
a.Fibrous
b.Cartilaginous
c. Synovial
B.Fibrous Joints
• Fibrous connective tissue joins bone to bone
• Typically immovable
• Sutures of the cranium
a.Coronal – between the parietal bones and the frontal
bone
b.Lambdoidal – between the parietal bones and the
occipital bone
c. Squamosal – between each parietal bone and each
temporal bone
d.Sagittal – between the parietal bones
• Joints formed by each tooth in its socket
Sutures
C.Cartilaginous Joints
– Bones are joined by fibrocartilage or hyaline
cartilage
– Usually slightly moveable
– Hyaline cartilage
a.Ribs to sternum
b.Epiphysis to diaphysis
– Fibrocartilage
a.Between bodies of vertebrae – intervertebral disks
b.Pubic symphysis
D.Synovial joints
• General characteristics
a.Bones do not touch each other
b.Bones are separated by a joint cavity
c. Usually freely moveable
d.Joint cavity formed by extensions of the
periosteum called the joint capsule
e.Joint cavity lined by synovial membrane that
produces synovial fluid
f. Joint stabilized by the joint capsule, ligaments, and
tendons
Synovial joints, cont
2.Protection of joint surfaces
a.Articular cartilage
b.Bursae – fluid-filled sacs around the joint
c. Menisci – fibrocartilage pads in the knee
General synovial joint Knee Joint
3.Types of synovial joints and examples
a. Saddle joint –carpometacarpal joint of thumb
b. Ball-and-socket joint – shoulder and hip
c. Pivot joint – ends of ulna and radius, atlas
and axis
d. Hinge joint – elbow and knee
e. Gliding joint – within wrist and ankle
f. Condyloid joint – knuckles
Types of Synovial Joints
4.Movements permitted by synovial joints
a. Angular movements
1) Flexion
a)Dorsiflexion
b)Plantar flexion
2) Extension
a)Hyperextension
3) Adduction
4) Abduction
Movements permitted by synovial joints, cont
b.Circular movements
1)Circumduction
2)Rotation
3)Supination
4)Pronation
c. Special movements
1)Inversion and eversion
2)Elevation and depression
Joint Movements
E.Joint damage and repair
• Joint inflammation and destruction
• Arthritis
a.Osteoarthritis – deterioration of the articular
cartilage; most common
b.Rheumatoid arthritis – synovial membrane
becomes inflamed and thickens; autoimmune
disease
c. Gout – excessive buildup of uric acid
Joint damage and repair, cont
3.Treatments for arthritis
a.Main goal is to preserve function
b.Pain management, physical therapy, and exercise
c. Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI)
surgery
d.Joint replacement
Artificial joint replacement
6.5 Effects of Aging
A.Cartilage
– Cartilage deteriorates
– Chemical nature and color changes
– Chondrocytes die
– Calcification occurs
– Symptoms of arthritis appear
B.Bone
– Bone deteriorates
– Osteoporosis develops
– Increased incidence of fractures
Animation: Osteoporosis
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6.6 Homeostasis
A.Functions of the skeletal system
•
•
•
•
Protection of internal organs
Bones assist in all phases of respiration
Bones store and release calcium
Bones assist the lymphatic system and
immunity
• Bones assist digestion
• The skeleton is necessary to locomotion
B.Functions of other systems
• The integumentary and the muscles assist in
protecting internal organs
• The digestive system absorbs calcium from
food and the endocrine system regulates the
storage of calcium in the bones
• Cardiovascular system transports oxygen and
nutrients to bones and wastes from bones
• Movement of the bones is only possible
because of the contraction of skeletal muscle