Transcript Forensic Anthropology

Forensic Anthropology
Bones of the Shoulder Girdle

The shoulder girdle
provides support and
anchor for the
humerus and anchors
a variety of muscles.
It consists of the
following bones: the
clavicle and the
scapula.
http://www.kettering.edu/visitors/story
pics/shoulder-joint.jpg
The clavicle - description

S–shaped bone
 Articulates
medially with
manubrium of
sternum
 Articulates laterally
with acromion of
the scapula
The clavicle – what to know

Superior surface



Deltoid attachment
Trapezius attachment
Inferior surface





Acromial facet (lat)
Trapezoid ridge (a/i)
Conoid tubercle (p/i)
Subclavian groove
Costal pit (medial)
http://www.sci.utah.edu/~simpson/documentation/projects/
annotation/webdocs/image_gal_files/miscellaneous/clavicl
e.jpg
The clavicle – left from right
 Superior
surface smooth
 Interior surface rough (sub clavian groove)
 Lateral end flatter (art with scapula)
 Medial curve – posterior
 Lateral curve – anterior
The scapula - description
 The
body of the scapula
is large and triangular
 Flat side is anterior side
(to slide over ribs)
 Articulates with the
humerus at the glenoid
fossa
 Articulates with the
clavicle at the acromion
http://www.kettering.edu/visitors
/storypics/shoulder-joint.jpg
The scapula – what to know

Anterior/costal surface


Body
3 borders
• Medial/vertebral
• Lateral/axillary
• superior



Coracoid process
(smaller, anterior)
Scapular notch
(superior)
Glenoid fossa
http://www.alignmed.com/images/Scapula_1.jpg
The scapula – what to know
 Posterior/dorsal
surface


Scapular spine
3 borders
• Medial/vertebral
• Lateral/axillary
• Superior


Acromion process
(higher and wider)
Supraspinous and
infraspinous
processes
http://content.answers.com/main/content/img/oxford/Oxford_Sports/01992108
96.scapula.1.jpg
The scapula – left from right
 Orient
 Put
the spine posteriorly
the point down
 Glenoid
fossa is lateral
Bones of the thorax

The thorax (or chest) is
like a cage made of
cartilage and bone. This
cage protects the main
organs of the circulatory
and respiratory systems,
and is the base to which
the upper limbs are
attached.
http://home.comcast.net/~wnor/thoraxbones.htm
The sternum - description
– widened
superior portion
 Manubrium

Jugular notch at top, art.
w/ BOTH clavicles,
cartilage of BOTH 1st ribs
attach only at manubrium
The sternum - description
– long medium width
bone attach at inferior
portion of manubrium,
cartilage of ribs 3-7
attache to body of sternum
 Xiphoid process – small
inferior portion of sternum
– attachment for abdomen
muscles
 Body
http://home.comcast.net/~wnor/thoraxbones.
htm
The sternum – what to know

Manubrium




Jugular notch
Clavicular notch
Costal notches
Body of the sternum


Costal notches
Xiphoid process

Can be fused to
sternal body in some
cases
The ribs - description
 24
total (though there may be variation in the
number)
 Function – protect thoracic organs
 Each rib articulates with a thoracic vertebrae
and has an extension of cartilage anteriorly



Ribs 1-7 are true ribs (direct art. w/ sternum)
Ribs 8-10 are false ribs (indirect art.)
Ribs 11-12 are floating ribs (no art. w/ sternum)
The ribs – what to know
 Head

– single or double facet
Articulates with lateral vert body
 Neck
 Tubercle

– single facet
Articulates with transverse process of vert
(ribs 1-9/10)
 Shaft/body
 Angle
 Costal
groove
 Sternal end

Ribs 1-7 wide, 8-10 tapered, 11-12 flat
The ribs – how to sort
 Rib
cage barrel-shaped
 Easiest to sort…

1st rib; short, flat, steep curve, long neck
Inner surface inferior

11th and 12th ribs; fan-shaped head, no neck,
tapered ends, 12th VERY short
Inner surface superior
The ribs – sorting the rest
 Head
shape changes to fan shaped
 Neck
length shortens
changes – but each rib
conforms to the curvature of adjacent ribs
 Curvature
The ribs - sorting
 Figure





4.12b in book
~ 1-4 long necks
~ 5-9 double faceted head
~ 7-9 wide head
~ 9-12 no neck
~ 11-12 no tubercle
http://home.comcast.net/~wnor/thoraxbone
s.htm
The ribs – left from right
 Head
posterior – articulates with vertebrae
 Sternal
 Sharp
end anterior
ridge inferior
Skeletal anatomy of the arm
Comprised of 3 bones



Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Useful for




ALL useful for age/growth
Handedness
Sex determination
? stature determination
The humerus - description

Longest, most robust bone of the arm
 Contains the Ball of the Ball and socket joint
 Articulations:
• Proximal – head of the humerus with the glenoid cavity of
scapula
• Distal – radius and ulna with the capitulum and trochlea
(resp.)

Shape = cylindrical shaft
• Round, articular proximal end
• Broad, flattened distal end
The humerus – What to know

Proximal end:

Head – points medially

Greater tubercle –
anterolaterally

Lesser tubercle – anterior

Neck – narrowest area

Deltoid tuberosity – lateral
attach of deltoid m.

Distal end:


Medial and lateral epicondyle
(Med. Larger)
Fossas – named for what
depression receives
• Olecranon – posterior
• Coronoid - anterior

Capitulum – rounded
• Art. w/ radial head
• Joint - rotation

Trochlea – large, spool-like
• Art. w/ ulna at olecranon process
• Joint – flexion/extension
Humerus – Right from left
 Orient
humeral head superior (points
medially)
 Make sure tubercles are anterior
 Make sure trochlea and capitulum are
anterior and distal
 Olecranon fossa is posterior
 Larger of the 2 epicondyles is MEDIAL
The radius - description
 Lateral
to the ulna, more robust
 Responsible
for ROTATION
The Radius
 Shaft
– teardrop X-section,
broadens
 Round head proximally
 Full-length interosseous
ridge on medial surface

 Articulations
• Proximal - radial head with capitulum of
humerus AND radial notch of ulna
• Distal - distal radial articular area with
scaphoid and lunate AND ulnar notch of
radius with distal ulna
The Radius – What to know


Proximal End:
 Head – art. at capit
and radial notch
 Neck – narrow area
 Radial tuberosity –
anterio-medially
orient. attach of
biceps m.
Distal End:
 Styloid process –
lateral
 Ulnar notch –
postero-medial area
of art. w/ulna
 Dorsal tubercle –
posterior
 Distal articular area
art. w/ scaphoid and
lunate
Radius – Right from left
 Orient
radial head superior
 Make sure the radial tuberosity, ulnar
notch and interosseous crest are medial
(i.e. point toward the ulna and the
interosseous space….)
 Dorsal tubercle is posterior (i.e. dorsal….)
 Styloid process is lateral
The Ulna - description
 Medial
to the radius, more slender; parallel to
radius when arm supine
 Responsible
for
flexion/extension AND
stability at elbow joint
The Ulna
 Articulations
• Proximal - Olecranon process with trochlea of
humerus AND with radial head at radial notch of
ulna
• Distal - Ulnar head art. w/ ulnar notch of radius; ?
Art. with lunate but separated by articular disk for
↑flexibility
 Shape


= teardrop shaft
Hook-shaped proximally
Narrow head distally
The Ulna – What to know

Proximally:
 Olecranon process
 Semilunar notch
 Coronoid process –
anteri-medial
 Radial notch –
lateral art. w/ radial
head

Distally:
 Head – art. w/
radial ulnar notch
 Styloid process –
medial
The Ulna – Right from left
 Orient
the olecranon process superior and
the semilunar notch is anterior
 Make sure the radial notch and the
interosseous crest are lateral
 The head is distal
 The styloid process is medial