Transcript grammar 13-14

Section 13
Adjectives •
and Adverbs •
Section 13/ Adjectives and Adverbs -13.1
1.Adjectives always come before nouns. A big table •
2. Adjectives can also come after verb to be •
The big table is big- big tables are big- was – were •
3. Adjectives do not take a plural form: •
Say the tables are big / don’t say the tables are bigs. •
4. Nouns can also be used to describe other nouns •
a coffee cup- a girl school. •
We all know that nouns can be singular and plural. •
but the nouns that describe other nouns are always •
Singular. See page 166 •
a notepad- a light bulb- a key ring- a coffee pot- a tea cup- a
perfume bottle- sunglasses- paperclips- a toothbrush
13.2 / Word Order of Adjectives
A beautiful large
1
2
opinion
size
old
3
age
red
4
wooden Chinese box. •
5
6 •
color materi natio
al nality
Gold-new- credit card •
A new gold [credit card] •
Diamond interesting •
An interesting diamond [bracelet] •
Japanese-new-small •
A small new Japanese computer •
13.3 / The same (as) , similar (to), and
different ( from)
Photo A and Photo B are the same. •
Or we can say; •
Photo A is the same as photo B •
Her dress and my dress are the same •
Or we can say: •
Her dress is the same as my dress •
We can also use the world [similar] •
Photo A is similar to B •
Her dress is similar to my dress. •
if you don’t think they are similar. You can say •
Photo A is different from B. •
Her dress is different from my dress. •
13.4 / Like and Alike
The daughter is like the mother. •
[ alike ] is adjective . It means •
similar
The mother and the daughter are
alike.
•
Terry and Jerry have similar flats.
Their flats are alike. •
Similar
Their
friends friends are
alike
•
•
Similar
flats
The flats
are alike
13.5/ Comparative form of adjectives:
-er
/
‘more’
My house is bigger than
his house.
•
His brother is older than his
sister.
Hot – hotter than •
Happy- happier than •
Good- better than •
Bad- worse than •
Far – farther/ further than
My house is more expensive than his
house.
•
My room is more beautiful than her
room.
This lesson is more difficult than the
first lesson.
•
13.6/
as big as , not as big as, less than
As big as = this room is as big as my room. •
Not as big as [ or any adjective] •
Not as small as : This class is not as small as his •
class.
*We use less than with long adjective •
Example: My car is less comfortable than his car. •
Ahmed is less intelligent than Joe •
13.7/ Superlative
est- most
long
Longer than The longest
happy
Happier than the happiest
good
Better than
The best
bad
Worse than
The worst
The most\
one of the most [ 13.8]
We use [most] with longer adjectives; •
She is the most famous woman. •
She is one of the most famous women •
It is the most difficult lesson. •
It is one of the most difficult lessons. •
The Nile river is one of the longest •
rivers.
13.9 / Adjectives and Adverbs
An adjective describes the noun and usually answers the •
question “what’? What color is the car . It is red.
An adverb describes the verb, and the adjective and usually •
answers the question “How’?
How does he walk? He walks slowly •
You add ‘ly’ to the adjective ‘slow’. Slow- slowly •
You add ‘’ ily’ to the adjective ‘happy’and remove the ý’. •
Happy- he talks happily – easy- easily •
Some adjectives are the same as adverbs: •
Fast-hard- late- early. The car is fast. Fast is an adjective. •
How does he drive? He drives fast . Fast is an adverb. •
How does he work? He works hard. Hard is an adverb. •
Some adverbs are irregular. The boy is good. •
How does the boy feel? He feels well. Well is irregular •
Rules to form adverbs
Adjectives
Adverbs
we add –ly to the adjectives
Slow
beautiful
We take –y and add ily
Happy
easy
work Slowly
Looks
beautifully
Speak happily
Talks easily
Some adverbs are the same
Fast
Hard
Late
early
Walk fast
Looks hard
Works late
Sleeps early
good
Feels well
as adjectives
Some adverbs are irregular
13.10/ Comparative and superlative forms of
Adverbs
1.A snail moves more slowly than a tortoise. •
more silently [ comparative] •
The snail moves the most slowly of all animals. •
the most silently[ superlative] •
We compare adverbs ending in-ly with •
more – the most •
2.For adverbs which have the same form as •
adjectives
We add –er – est [ like adjective /comp-super] •
Faster- the fastest – harder- the hardest •
3. irregular : well- better – the best •
bad- worse – the worst [ like adjectives]
•
13.10/ Comparative and superlative forms of
Adverbs
We compare
Adverb
Adverbs
endingin- easily
df •
ly with more and
most
Comparative
More easily
Superlative
Moves the
most
easily
For adverbs
which have the
same forms of
adjectives, we
add er- est
Fast
Hard
early
Faster
Harder
earlier
irregular
Well
bad
Better
worse
Talks the
fastest
Looks the .1
hardest
Comes the
earliest
Talks the best
Works the
worst
Section 4
The Present Perfect •
I have been here since 1999. •
She has been a teacher for 5 years. •
The Verb present perfect of to be : for and since
The Present Perfec •
I have been here since 1999. •
She has been a teacher for 5 years. •
Contraction •
I’ve been here since 1990. •
She’s been here for 5 years •
Affiramative statement [14.1]
subject Have/has
Past participle
Since/ For
I
have
of to be
been
You
have
been
here for 3 hours
Since last week
He-she- has
it
been
here for 3 hours
Since May
We
have
been
here for 3 hours
Since 2001
They
have
been
here for 3 hours
Since yesterday
here for 3 hours
Since Monday
Contractions
k
•I
have
I’ve
been
I haven’t
You
have
You’ve
been
You
haven’t
She has
She’s
been
She
hasn’t
They
have
They’ve
been
They
haven’t
Why we use the Present Perfect
We use the Present perfect to talk about an action or •
situation that started in the past and continuous up to the
present. Started or not started [ perfected or not
perfected]
I have done my homework since last week.[ perfected] •
I haven’t done my homework yet. [ not perfected] •
We often use the present perfect with ‘for’ or ‘since.’ •
We use the present perfect to talk about how long the •
action existed in the past to the present.
We use ‘since’to talk about when a period of time began. •
We use ‘for’to talk about a length of time. •
The Present Perfect
Have or Has +
regular – irregular past [ past participle]
regular
Past
participle
irregular
Past
participle
worked
HaveWorked
Was/ were
Have- has
been
played
Have-has
played
Have-has
Have – has
had
live
Have- has
lived
Go
see
Have- has
gone
Seen
The present perfect with regular verbs
and irregular verbs [14.2]
Affirmative statement •
subject
Have- has
Past participle
For- since
I
have
worked
for two years
You
have
lived
here since 1997
he-she - it has
gone
for one week
We
have
had
you
have
studied
the book for one
year
English since June
they
have
owned
the car for five
years
More present perfect verbs
in the Negative
I have seen my uncle. I haven’t seen my uncle. •
You have gone to America. You haven’t gone to America. •
He has spoken to me. He hasn’t spoken to me. •
Salma has opened the door. Salma hasn’t opened the door. •
We have written a letter. We haven’t written a letter. •
They have had a problem. They haven’t had a problem. •
The present perfect
negative and questions [ 14.3]
I have worked in an office. Have I worked in an office?
You have lived in Cairo. Have you lived in Cairo?
She has visited her friends. Has she visited her friends?
We have played outside. Have we played outside?
They have gone out. Have they gone out?
_______________________
Yes , I have – you have- he has- we have- they have.
No, I haven’t – you haven’t- he hasn’t- we haven’t- they
haven’t
Wh – question and
How long- ever / never [14.4]
How long have you been here ? •
How long have you worked here? •
Have you ever studied French? •
I have never studied French. •
Have you ever been to Canada? •
I have never been to Canada. •
•
We often use [ever] with the present perfect to ask
questions. Ever Means: at any time up to now.
The End
Food And Nutrition
Chapter 8 •
• Nouns:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Chapter 8
Food and Nutrition/p.147
Centers: important places
Diabetes: sugar disease
diet: a way of eating
irony: not agreeing
Obesity: very fat
Rubens:
thousands:
Titian:
Verbs: : again/money- join /the class- spend/ time
Adjectives: attractive woman- dairy product- fried
potatoes- raw meat- slim person- ugly person
Conjunction: while
New Foods, new Diets
Diet of the Past •
A. On March 26,1662, Samuel Pepys and four friends had •
lunch at his home in London, England. They ate beef,
cheese, two kinds of fish, and six chickens. Today, we might
wonder, ‘What ? No fruits ?No vegetables’?’’ More than 300
years ago, people in Europe ate different from today. They
looked different , too. In famous paintings by Titian, Rubens,
and other artists, people weren’t thin: they were overweight.
But people 300 years ago thought, ‘ How attractive!’- not
,”How ugly”.
Today’s Diet •
B. Today people are learning more about health. Many •
peole are changing their ways of eating. They’re eating a lot
of fruits and vegetables. Many of the vegetables are raw.
They aren’t cooked because cooking takes away some
vitamins, such as vitamins A,B, and C. People are eating
less sugar. They’re eating low-fat foods. They’re not eating
much red meat. They’re drinking less cola and coffee.
o
Trying to be Thin •
C. People these days want to be slim, not fat. Sometimes •
people in North America go a little crazy to lose pounds.
Thousands of them join gyms and diet groups, go to special
diet doctors, or spend a lot of money at diet centers. Each
year Americans spend more than $46 billion on diets and diet
products.
More people are overweight •
D. However, there is an irony- a surprising opposite result-to •
all this dieting. While many people are becoming thin, other
people are becoming overweight. More people are overweight
than in the past! In many countries, there is a serious problem
with obesity –in other words, a condition of being very
overweight. There are two main reasons. First, these days,
many people often go to fast- food restaurants. ( they didn’t in
the past) At these restaurants, many of the foods ( such as
fried potatoes and meat) are high in fat. Some of the dairy
products ( such as cheese) are high in fat, and others.
s
( such as ice cream) are high in fat and sugar. This seems •
similar to Samuel Pepys’s party, doesn’t it? Second,
dieting doesn’t often work. Sometimes people lose weight
fast, but they usually gain it back again. Almost 95 percent
of all people gain back weight after a diet. One problem
with obesity is easy to see: overweight people have more
sickness, such as heart disease and diabetes.
E. Sometimes people go crazy over food. Sometimes they •
eat very little because they want to be slim. Other times,
they eat lots of bad foods because these foods taste good.
When will people learn? Too much food, too little food, and
the wrong foods are all bad ideas.
Part 2 / Eating Bugs/ page 151
A. Different cultures enjoy different foods. Sometimes a •
food that one thinks is delicious might seem disgusting to
another . In much of the world, people eat beef, but the idea
of meat from a cow disgusts some Hindus in India. People in
France sometimes eat horsemeat or frogs, and this disgusts
some Americans. People in Western countries eat cheese,
and many Asian think that is disgusting. And then there are
insects. Many people wonder , “How can people eat
bugs?”( Children in the U.S make horrible faces and say,
Óooh! Yucky!’) However, insects are an important part of the
diets in many countries.
B. In different places, people eat over 1,000 types of insects •
– and ate them in the past, too. For example, people in
ancient (old) Greece and Rome ate insects. American
Indians ate grasshoppers, crickets, and caterpillars. Today,
in parts of African, people eat termites( insects that eat
wood) and caterpillars as snacks. In Japan, some people eat
grasshoppers with soy sauce . In small villages and in some
restaurants in Thailand, people enjoy crickets and
grasshoppers. In some Mexican restaurants, people pay $25
ic
In the United States, Some restaurants now offer insects as
a gourmet food. In China, people spend $100 million each year
on ants.
C. There are different ways to prepare bugs as food. One way is
to boil them in very hot water. In Colombia , some people spread
them on bread. In the Philippines, people fry them in butter with
vegetables . In Mexico, people fry them in oil or marinate them in
lemon juice, salt, and chile. In some parts of Africa, some people
bake or fry them. In other areas, they eat them raw. ( However,
entomologists –scientists who study insects- say that it’s
important to cook insects, not eat them raw.) In the United
States, a company called Hotix now sells candy with insects in it.
D. Julieta Ramos- Elorduy, a researcher at a university in •
Mexico City, says that there are many good reasons to eat bugs.
First, insects are a cheap food( except on a plate in an
expensive restaurant) , and they taste good. Second, bugs are
good for our health . For example, they often have more protein
than beef or fish. Third, they can bring money to poor people,
who find them
a
In the forest and sell them. In parts of Africa, there are •
seven pounds of insects on just one tree. This brings a
good profit for every little work. Finally, eating insects can
help to save the environment. In many countries, people
cut down trees. However, they will not do this if the trees
have insects to eat or sell.
E. People worldwide are now eating foods from other •
countries. People in the West now enjoy Japanese sushi(
a small roll of cooked white rice served with a garnish of
raw fish, vegetables, or egg). People everywhere eat
Italian pizza and American hamburgers . Maybe someday,
in a fast-food restaurant in any country, a customer will
say, ‘Give me a hamburger and an order of a caterpillars,
please.’In the future, insects might be as familiar to us as
rice, bread, or beans.
Previewing vocabulary
Bugs •
Disgusting •
Entomologists
Except •
Protein •
Worldwide •
Nouns
Asians-bugs•
entomologistsinsects-proteinsnacks
Adjectives
Deliciousdisgusting
Verbs
Bake- boil-disgust
Fry-marinate
Adverb
Worldwide
Conjuction
Except
Part 3/ Practical English
page 155
Food item
calories
Fat ( in grams) •
Apple
80
.0 •
Milk ( 1 glass)
149
8.1 •
_______________________________________ •
1. How many calories does Bill’s steak have? ------242—
2. How much fat does it have? -------14.7------ •
3. How many calories do Maria’s grapes have? ---51----- •
4. How much fat do they have? -----.1 •
Part 4
Vocabulary Practice
Asians- attractive- boil- bugs- cows- •
delicious- disgusting- environment- ironymotherless- obesity- healthy- insects- rawslim- snack- teenager- ugly- volunteer
Join- diet- lose- spend-dairy- gain- •
calories- worldwide- overweight- diabetesbugs- entomologist- slim- unattractivesickness- health- ants- fry
Sleep and Dream
Chapter 6
The purpose of sleep and dreams
before you read
Stage: a certain time •
Symbols; signs that tell something •
Theories: opinions •
Verbs: to occur: to happen •
to predict: to tell the future •
to repair: to fix •
to wonder: to keep asking yourself •
Adjective: awake- not sleeping •
Adverb: however- but •
The purpose of sleep and dreams
A. Many people wonder : Why do we sleep? Why do •
we dream? They ask themselves the purpose , or
reason. There are many theories, or opinions, about this,
but scientists don’t know if these ideas are correct.
B. One theory of sleeps says that during the day, we •
use many important chemicals in our bodies and brains .
We need sleep to make new chemicals and repair , or
fix, our bodies. This theory is called ‘Repair theory,’ One
piece of evidence for this theory is that our bodies
produce more of a growth hormone while we sleep.
Another theory is that the purpose of sleep is to dream.
Dreaming occurs or happens, only during one stage, or
period , of sleep- REM ( Rapid Eye Movement) sleep.
The Purpose of Sleep and Dreams
REM sleep occurs about every 90 minutes and last for about 20 •
minutes. Some scientists believe that REM sleep helps us to
remember things, but other scientists don’t agree.
Dream Theories •
C. Whatever the reason for sleep, everyone, sleeps, and everyone •
dreams every night. Many times we don’t remember our dreams, but
we still dream. Like sleep, no one knows exactly why we dream or
what dreams mean. There have been many theories about dreams
throughout history. Many cultures believe that dreams can predict
the future- that they can tell us what is going to happen to us.
However, some people believe that dreams are only a form of
entertainment.
D. Psychologists such as Sigmund Freud say that dreams are not
•
predictions of the future. Psycologists have strong beliefs about
dreams. However, these scientists don’t always agree with each
other . There are several different theories about the purpose of
dreaming.
i
E. Freud, who wrote around the year 1900, said that •
dreams can tell us about our emotions- feelings- and
desires, or wishes. Freud believed that our dreams are full
of symbols. In other words, things in our dreams mean other
things. For example, a road in a dream isn’t really a road. It
might be a symbol of the dreamer’s life. Freud thought that
dreams are about things from our past, from our childhood.
Other psychologists say no. They believe that dreams are
about the present, about our ideas, desires, and problems
now. Other psychologists say that dreams have no meaning
at all.
New Evidence •
F. We still don’t know why we dream. However, there is •
interesting new evidence from research, or studies, about
the brain. When we are awake, many parts of our brain are
active, for example the parts for emotion, vision( the ability
to see) , logic ( the ability to think and understand), and
others, However, when we are asleep and dreaming, the
part of the brain for logic is not active. Maybe this new
evidence answers one common question: why do dreams
seem so crazy?
A Dream Narrative
Verbs : •
Realized: knew •
Traveling: going •
Adjectives: •
Anxious; excited or worried
Complicated: not easy •
Familiar: common •
Unfamiliar: uncommon •
•
Adverbs: outside
Idioms: make sense
Un: means not . uncommon
-er : means a person who. writer
-ist: means a person who does something. Scientist
-hood: a stage of life. childhood
A Dream Narrative
A. This is the dream of a 40- year old businessman. He is •
married and has two children . He goes to a psychologist
because he feels anxious a lot. The psychologist told him to
write down his dreams . This is his dream from June 7.
B. Dream6/7 : In my dream I was in a large . It was very big •
and very dark. The city seemed like New York. I was in a
friend’s apartment. It was comfortable. After a few minutes, I
left and went out on the street, alone. I walked for a while.
Then I realized I was lost. I couldn’t find my friend’s apartment
again. I started to feel uncomfortable. I tried to return to the
apartment but all of the streets looked unfamiliar and
completely, and I didn’t know my friend’s address. I began to
feel anxious.
s
C. I kept walking. I wanted to find something familiar. It •
was getting late. I decided to go home. I knew my home
was outside the city. I saw buses on the street, but I
didn’t know which one to take. I couldn’t find a way to
leave the city. There was a way to get home, but I didn’t
know it. I asked for directions. The people answered, but
they didn’t make any sense. All there directions were
very complicated, and I couldn’t understand them.
D . Suddenly I was on a boat. The boat was traveling •
across a very dangerous river. It was dark. The river was
very dirty. There was a garbage in it. I couldn’t see the
other side of the river, and I was afraid. I began to think,
‘I ‘ll never get home.’ I tried to ask for help, but no one
listened to me. Then I wake up.
Identifying the Main Idea
What is the main idea of the reading •
A. A business was in a big city at night •
B. A man wrote about his dream for his •
psychologist . •
C. A man was trying to go home, but it was •
difficult. •
Understanding Pronouns
page 115
The city seemed like New York, but it didn’t look •
like the real New York.
Chapter 7
Work and Lifystyles
Chapter 7 •
Work and Lifestyles •
Previewing Vocabulary
Nouns
verbs
•
Environment
delivering •
Hardships
planted •
Homeless
prepare •
Lives
release •
Mammals
volunteer •
Teenagers
•
Volunteers •
Afflictions •
Stews- casseroles- soufflés [ wonderful foods] •
* adjectives: famous- homeless- lonely •
* adverb: daily •
* expression: to take care •
Volunteering[ page 128]
Pine- elm- cypress- seals- eucalyptus- seals- sea lions- sea •
otters
_____________________________________________ •
A . Some people go to work each day and then come home. •
They spend time with their family and friends. Maybe they
watch TV. Or go to a movie. Sometimes they exercise or read.
This is their life. But for other people, this isn’t enough. They
look around their neighborhoods and see people with terrible
hardships: sickness, loneliness, and homeless. Other people
see problems with the environment. Many people want to help.
They volunteer . They give some of their time to help others.
B. Volunteers help in many ways . Some visit sick and lonely •
people. Some give their friendship to children without parents.
Some build houses for homeless people.
C. Andy lipkis was at a summer camp when he planted his •
n
He began to think about the environment. In many countries, •
people were cutting down trees. Andy Lipkis worried about
this. In 1974, he started a group, TreePeople, to plant trees:
pine, elm, cypress, and eucalyptus. They also began to plant
fruit trees in poor neighborhoods because fresh fruit is often
too expensive for people. Today there are thousands of
members of TreePeople, and more join every day. They plant
millions of trees everywhere to help the environment and
people.
D. Ruth Brinker wasn’t planning to change the world. Then a •
young friend became sick. Soon he was very sick, and he
couldn’t take care of himself. Brinker and other friends began
to help him. In 1985, Brinker started Project Open Hand. This
group cooks meals and takes them to people. Soon Project
Open Hand volunteers were cooking many meals every day
and delivering them to people who couldn’t leave home.
Today, volunteers prepare 2000 meals daily.
Ruth Brinker didn’t plan to change the world, but she is making •
a change in people’s lives.
E. Only three volunteers began the Marine Mammal Center in •
northern California in 1975. Today, there are 800 volunteers.
They work with mammals. Mammals are animals that feed on
their mother’s milk when young. The volunteers help sick ocean
mammals: seals, sea lions, and sea otters. The sick animals
become well and strong. Motherless baby animals grow big and
healthy. For many weeks- or sometimes months- volunteers
help to feed and take care of these animals. They also work in
an educational program that teaches people about these
animals. The volunteers don’t get any pay for their hard work.
Their ‘pay’is the good feeling on the day when they get can
release a healthy animal – take it to its home, the ocean, and
let it go free.
•
i
F. Thirty or forty years ago, most volunteers were •
housewives. They volunteered time while their husbands
were working . Today both men and women volunteerand teenagers and children, too. There are volunteers
from all social classes, all neighborhoods, and all ages.
Most aren’t rich or famous. They enjoy their volunteer
work. People need them. Today, the world needs
volunteers more than ever before. Perhaps a young Zulu
boy from South Africa, Nkosi Johnson, said it best.
Before he died at the age of 12, he made a speech that
in now famous. In this speech, he said,”Do all you can
with what you have, in the time you have, in the place
you are.’
What are three hardships?------------ •
What are pine, elm, cypress, and eucalyptus?------- •
What are seals, sea lions, and sea otters?--------- •
y
Previewing vocabulary
My special Year
Nouns •
Contrast •
Crime •
Energy •
Streetchildren •
Verbs •
Email •
Taught •
Adjectives •
Fun •
tough •
Reading 2 / My Special Year
A. My name is Pablo. I think I’m a lucky guy. I have •
a good family, and we live in a nice neighborhood in
a really special place, Puerto Vallarta, Mexico.
People travel here from many countries for their
vacations. We have beautiful beaches, hotels,
restaurants, shopping, and sports.
B. However, in my beautiful hometown, there are •
also very poor neighborhoods. These areas are
crowded and have a lot of crime. Life is terrible for
many of the children in these areas. Some don’t
really have a childhood because they’re homeless
and live on the streets. They don’t have families or
education. They don’t have enough food. Most of
them have chronic stress.
C. Last year, I came back to Puerto Vallarta from my •
university in Mexico City. I spent one year as a
volunteer with an organization called Outreach
International . They have several programs. I
volunteered for one program to help street children. It
was the best – and most difficult –year of my life. I
learned a lot that year.
D. I worked in a home for street children ( all boys , at •
this one). It is in an old school that nobody uses now. At
this home, the boys have a place to sleep and three
meals daily. The home keeps the boys off the streets. It
shows them another way of life. As a volunteer, I helped
to prepare meals. I taught games- such as basketball
and football- and art. I helped the kids with their
homework. These kids can be fun. They have a lot of
energy, but they’re also really tough. Their hardships on
the streets make them strong and not always ‘sweet little
children’.
l
E. At this boys’ home, I met two other volunteers – Brian a •
from Canada and Greg form Australia. In many ways, we
were very similar. We were the same age, came from good
homes, had a good education, and liked to travel. They were
both college students, like me. We became friends. I helped
them with Spanish, and they helped me with English. They
came to meet my family, and we had fun together . Now, we
email each other. But more than anything, I will always
remember the children. I hope their lives can be better in the
future . The contrast between their lives and my life is big. I
hope they can have a good life, like I do.
Word ending and meaning •
-less means without and they are adjectives = homeless •
-ness means a condition of and they are nouns= happiness •
e
Chapter 5
Grammar/ Nouns and Pronouns
• 1.Mass
• 2.Abstract
• 3.Nouns
•
partitive
Countable nouns
How many mobiles are
there?
There are 16 mobiles.
How many pens are
there?
There are 20 pens.
How many books are
there?
There are 13 books.
There are few books
I want more books.
Uncountable nouns
Cheese is[ love is
Butter is [beauty is
Salt is[ happiness is
Money is [advice
Water is[ furniture is
Weather is –
information i s- music
is
How much water is
there?
There is little water.
I want more water
Chapter 5
Nouns and Pronouns
A- An – the
I want to buy ------an-------------apple.
ٍShe wants to buy the apples.
I want to buy apples.
I want to buy some apples.
I want to buy more apples.
I want to buy five apples.
I want to buy few apples.
I don’t have any apples.
Do you have any apples. I have some apples.
Grammar / Chapter 5
• Generalization
• Gold is expensive
• Roses are red.
• Specification
• The gold here is expensive.
• The roses in my garden are red.
Chapter 5
Grammar / Some and Any
• Some /
any
Non-count nouns
Some
I have some sugar
Count Nouns
Some
I have some eggs.
Any
Any
Are there any flowers
?
No, there aren’t any
flowers.
IS there any
information ? Do you
have any
information?
Chapter 5
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A cup of coffee – a loaf of bread
A bunch of bananas - a pack of biscuit
A bar of soap- a bottle of water- juice
A box of chocolate- a tube of toothpaste
A sheet of paper- a bowl of soup
A glass of water
A jar of jam
A roll of toilet paper
A slice of cake / cheese
A head of lettuce
A carton of milk – a can of tomatoes- a
Chapter 5
How much / How many
Non – Count Nouns
How much money is there?
How much sugar do you have ?
How much water is left?
Count nouns
How many books are there?
How many sandwiches are left?
How many tables does she have?
Whose – the genitive
Possessive noun- page 79
1. Whose book is that?
It is Rania’s-- book.
2. Whose pens are these? They are Noha-’s-- pens.
It is Rania’s .Noha’s
3. Whose pictures are these? They are the children’s
They are the boys’ –pictures
4. Whose cat is that? It is Hams’s-- cat.
5. Whose dog is that? It is Charles’s--dog.
Charles’ dog.
Grammar
a few- few
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a few: There are a few pens. positive
Few : There are few pens. Negative
There are a few sandwiches in the box.
Meaning: I don’t need more.
There are few sandwiches.
Meaning: They are not enough . You need
more.
• How many slices of bread do you eat?
• How much butter and cheese you put on the bread?
• I put a lot of cheese
• How much cereal does she eat? She eats a big bowl
of cereal.
• How many doughnuts does she eat? She eats 4 –
• How much coffee does she drink? He drinks some
coffee.