Transcript preposition - Cloudfront.net

Language Arts
The Eight Parts of
Speech
©2012HappyEdugator
Eight Parts of Speech
Verbs
Nouns
Interjections
Pronouns
Conjunctions
©2012HappyEdugator
a word that states
A
Person
A
Place
 A Thing
 An Idea or Emotion
©2012HappyEdugator
Concrete Nouns
Concrete nouns: You can experience
this group of nouns with your five
senses:
You see them, hear them, smell them,
taste them, and feel them.
Abstract Nouns
You cannot experience abstract nouns with
your senses. Read this example:
She tried to imagine what Daniel would do in a
similar situation.
What color is situation? You don't know because you
cannot see it. What texture is situation ? Who knows?
You cannot touch it. What flavor is situation? No clue!
You cannot taste it! Does it make a sound? Of course
not! Does it smell? Not a bit!
Kinds of Nouns
Common Nouns
boy
girl
Singular Nouns
boy
girl
Singular Possessive
boy’s
girl’s
Proper Nouns
John
Mary
Plural Nouns
boys
girls
Plural Possessive
boys’
girls’
©2012HappyEdugator
Practice - NOUNS
Answer the following questions about nouns:
1. A noun is a person, place, thing, or __________.
2. _________ nouns can be experienced using your
five senses.
3. _________ nouns are only ideas and cannot be
experienced with your senses.
4. Nouns that name general things are called
________________.
5. Nouns that name specific things are called
______________ and always begin with a
___________.
Practice - NOUNS (KEY)
Answer the following questions about nouns:
1. A noun is a person, place, thing, or __idea___.
2. _Concrete__ nouns can be experienced using
your five senses.
3. _Abstract_ nouns are only ideas and cannot be
experienced with your senses.
4. Nouns that name general things are called
_common nouns___.
5. Nouns that name specific things are called
_proper nouns_ and always begin with a _capital
letter_.
A word that expresses action or otherwise
helps to make a statement – indicating a
state of being
“be”
verbs
©2012HappyEdugator
Forms of “To Be”
I am
You are
He/ She/It is
They are
I was
You were
He/ She/It was
They were
Recognize them and try to avoid
overusing them in your writing!
©2012HappyEdugator
Every sentence must have
a subject and
a
©2012HappyEdugator
Action Verbs

Action verbs express
mental or physical
action. Something is
being done by
someone or
something.
Paul Revere rode his
horse to warn the
colonists.
©2012HappyEdugator
Linking Verbs

Linking verbs make
a statement by
connecting the
subject with a word
that describes or
explains it.
He has been sick.
©2012HappyEdugator
Practice - VERBS
Answer the following questions about verbs:
1. A verb is a word that expresses __________ or
indicates a _________________.
2. _________ verbs express a physical or mental
action.
3. _________ verbs connect a subject to a word
describing it.
4. You should not overuse _______ verbs in writing.
5. Every sentence must have a ___________.
Practice - VERBS (Key)
Answer the following questions about verbs:
1. A verb is a word that expresses _action___ or
indicates a _a state of being__.
2. _Action__ verbs express a physical or mental
action.
3. _Linking_ verbs connect a subject to a word
describing it.
4. You should not overuse _”to be”_ verbs in writing.
5. Every sentence must have a _verb__.
The pronoun is a word used in place of one or more nouns.
It may substitute for a person, place, thing, or idea.
Indefinite Pronouns –
aren’t specific
anybody
each
either
none
someone, one, etc.
©2012HappyEdugator
Pronouns must agree with their antecedent!
(in gender and in number)
©2012HappyEdugator
Practice - PRONOUNS
Answer the following questions about pronouns:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
A pronoun is a word that ________ for a _______.
_________ pronouns point out particular things.
______________ pronouns ask questions.
______________ pronouns refer to people.
A pronoun that isn’t specific is ______________.
Pronouns must always agree with their
_________________.
Practice - PRONOUNS (Key)
Answer the following questions about pronouns:
1. A pronoun is a word that _substitutes_ for a
_noun_.
2. _Demonstrative_ pronouns point out particular
things.
3. _Interrogative_ pronouns ask questions.
4. _Personal__ pronouns refer to people.
5. A pronoun that isn’t specific is _indefinite__.
6. Pronouns must always agree with their
__antecedents__.
Modifies (or describes) a
noun or pronoun.
Answers these questions:
Did you find your
mechanical pencil?
Is that a wool uniform?
There are five branches on
that bush.
The words “a,” “an,” and “the” are special adjectives called articles.
©2012HappyEdugator
Adjectives - Degrees of
Comparison


Positive – base adjective;
no comparison
Ex – Ann is sweet.




Comparative - comparing two
nouns; adj + “than”, add “er”
Ex – Sue is sweeter than Ann.
Superlative – comparing more than
two nouns; “the” + adj, add “est”
Ex – Jen is the sweetest girl in the
class.
How to Form Comparisons 1 syllable adjectives
 Add -er and –est

EXAMPLES –
BIG - Bigger planes
FAT - Fattest sheep
SLOW - Slower car

More than 2 syllables
 Add the words
 “less” or “least” or “more”
or “most”
 EXAMPLES –
 Energetic -less energetic
 Expensive - more expensive
 Fortunate -most fortunate

2 syllables: either way, but never use both at the same time!
Irregular Comparative
Adjectives
Little
Less
Least
Irregular Comparative Adjectives
do not follow the rules…
Irregular Comparative
Adjectives – Memorize These!
Adjective
Comparative
Superlative
good
better
best
bad
worse
worst
little
less
least
much
more
most
far
further / farther
furthest / farthest
so you just have to remember them!
Coordinate Adjectives
Coordinate adjectives appear in sequence with
one another to modify the same noun. Their
order can be reversed. They work equally and
therefore must be separated by a comma or the
word “and.”
EXAMPLE : It was a bright, sunny day.
It was a sunny, bright day.
It was a bright and sunny day.
It was a sunny and bright day.
Cumulative Adjectives
Cumulative adjectives appear in sequence with
one another to modify the same noun, but they
do not work equally. They must remain in their
order and cannot exchange places and still make
sense. Cumulative adjectives do not have a
comma or the word and.
EXAMPLE : I have an old blue car.
Not I have a blue old car.
Order of Cumulative Adjectives
Opinion
good, attractive, beautiful,
delicious...
Size
large, small, enormous...
Age
old, new, modern, young...
Length or shape
long, short, square, round...
Color
red, blue, green...
Origin (nationality, religion)
American, French, Muslim,
Christian...
Material
Purpose
plastic, woolen, wooden, cotton..
electric (wire) , tennis (shirt)
Cumulative Adjectives generally follow the order above. As a rule, do not
string more than three adjectives together in front of a noun.
Practice - ADJECTIVES
Answer the following questions about
adjectives:
1. An adjective is a word that ________ a noun or
pronoun.
2. _________ adjectives do not show comparison.
3. _________ adjectives compare two nouns.
4. _________ adjectives compare more than two
nouns.
5. _____________ adjectives may be used in
different order and must be separated by a comma.
6. _____________ adjectives must stay in a certain
order and therefore should not have a comma.
Practice - ADJECTIVES (Key)
Answer the following questions about
adjectives:
1. An adjective is a word that _modifies_ a noun or
pronoun.
2. _Positive_ adjectives do not show comparison.
3. _Comparative_ adjectives compare two nouns.
4. _Superlative _adjectives compare more than two
nouns.
5. _Coordinate_ adjectives may be used in different
order and must be separated by a comma.
6. _Cumulative_ adjectives must stay in a certain
order and therefore should not have a comma.
Modifies or describes
a verb, an adjective,
or another adverb.
Answers the questions:
Bob ran quickly.
Sue left yesterday.
We went there.
It was too cold!
To what degree or how much?
©2012HappyEdugator
Interrogative Adverbs introduce questions
How did you break your arm?
How often do you
exercise?
Where did you put the
keys to my car?
©2012HappyEdugator
Adverbs - Degrees of
Comparison
Adverbs, like adjectives, have
three degrees of comparison –
the positive, the comparative
and the superlative.
EX - Soon, sooner, soonest
Adverbs - Forming comparisons
 1 syllable:
add er or est
 EXAMPLE – HIGH, HIGHER, HIGHEST
 Adverbs ending in – ly : use more for the
comparative and most for the superlative
 EXAMPLE – HAPPILY, MORE HAPPILY, MOST
HAPPILY
The adverb early is an exception to this rule.
Early (positive), earlier (comparative), earliest
(superlative)
Irregular Comparative and
Superlative Adverbs
You just have to memorize them!
Practice - ADVERBS
Answer the following questions about adverbs:
1. An adverb is a word that modifies a _______, an
_________, or an ____________ .
2. ______________ adverbs introduce questions.
3. Adverbs, like adjectives, have three degrees of
comparison, which are ________, _________, and
___________.
4. Add –er or –est to adverbs that have one _______.
5. Use “more” or “most” before adverbs that end in __.
6. _____________ adverbs must be memorized.
Practice - ADVERBS (Key)
Answer the following questions about adverbs:
1. An adverb is a word that modifies a _verb__, an
_adjective__, or an ___adverb__ .
2. _Interrogative___ adverbs introduce questions.
3. Adverbs, like adjectives, have three degrees of
comparison, which are _positive__,
_comparative__, and _superlative__.
4. Add –er or –est to adverbs that have one _syllable.
5. Use “more” or “most” before adverbs that end in ly.
6. _Irregular comparative and superlative_ adverbs
must be memorized.
A preposition introduces a noun or pronoun,
or a phrase or clause functioning in the sentence
as a noun. The word or word group that the
preposition introduces is its object of the preposition.
Together they make prepositional phrases.
They received a postcard from Barry telling
about his cruise to Alaska.
©2012HappyEdugator
The preposition
never stands alone!
object of
preposition
preposition
object
You can’t see the dirt under the carpet.
can have more than
one object
Her text message to Ali and Raven brought good news.
object can have modifiers
It occurred during the last hurricane.
©2012HappyEdugator
Common Prepositions
aboard
about
above
across
after
against
along
among
around
at
before
behind
below
beneath
beside
between
beyond
by
down
during
except
for
from
in
into
like
of
off
on
over
past
since
through
throughout
to
toward
under
underneath
until
up
upon
with
within
without
©2012HappyEdugator
Prepositional Phrases Always
Begin With a Preposition
Examples:
Aboard the boat
About the house
Above the ground
Across the street
After the storm
Against the wind
Along the highway
Around the block
At the circus
Before the dawn
Think of the song…
Over the river and
Through the woods
To Grandmother’s
House
We go…
The lines in red are
prepositional phrases!
©2012HappyEdugator
Practice - PREPOSITIONS
Answer the following questions about
prepositions:
1. An preposition is a word that introduces a _______
or a ___________ .
2. The word or group of words the preposition
introduces is called the __________________
3. A prepositional phrase is composed of a
_________ and a _______________.
4. Prepositions never ________ _________.
5. Prepositional phrases always start with a _______.
Practice - PREPOSITIONS (Key)
Answer the following questions about
prepositions:
1. An preposition is a word that introduces a _noun__
or a __pronoun__ .
2. The word or group of words the preposition
introduces is called the _object of the
preposition___.
3. A prepositional phrase is composed of a
_preposition_ and an _object of the preposition_.
4. Prepositions never _stand_ _alone__.
5. Prepositional phrases always start with a
_preposition_.
The Conjunction
A conjunction is a word that joins words
or groups of words.
or
but
©2012HappyEdugator
Two Kinds of Conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions
and
Subordinating conjunctions
©2012HappyEdugator
FOR - is to introduce the reason for the preceding clause
AND - joins two similar ideas together
NOR - The conjunction nor is not extinct, but it is not used
nearly as often as the other conjunctions. Its most common use
is as the little brother in the correlative pair, neither-nor
BUT - joins two contrasting ideas together
OR - joins two alternative ideas
YET - is very similar to 'but' as it also joins two contrasting
ideas together
SO - shows that the second idea is the result of the first
©2012HappyEdugator
An easy way to remember…
for and nor but or yet so
©2012HappyEdugator
A subordinating conjunction joins a
subordinate clause to a main clause
(remember – a clause has a subject and a verb, a phrase does not)
Here is a list of the most common
subordinating conjunctions:
after although as as if as long as
as though because before even if even though if
if only in order that now that once
rather than since so that than
that though till
unless until
when whenever where
whereas wherever
while
A subordinating conjunction joins a
subordinate clause to a main clause
(remember – a clause has a subject and a verb, a phrase does not)
When you join a subordinate (or dependent
clause) to a main clause (or independent
clause) you create a complex sentence!
Knowing subordinate conjunctions will help
you identify complex sentences!
Example:
Although I thought it was impossible, I got an A on the test.
Practice - CONJUNCTIONS
Answer the following questions about
conjunctions:
1. A conjunction is a word that ______ words or
groups of words.
2. ____________ conjunctions are often used to join
compound sentences.
3. _____________ is an easy way to remember the
coordinating conjunctions.
4. _____________ conjunctions join __________
clauses to main clauses.
5. Joining clauses with subordinate conjunctions
creates ___________ sentences.
Practice - CONJUNCTIONS (Key)
Answer the following questions about
conjunctions:
1. A conjunction is a word that _joins_ words or
groups of words.
2. _Coordinating_ conjunctions are often used to join
compound sentences.
3. __FANBOYS__ is an easy way to remember the
coordinating conjunctions.
4. __Subordinating__ conjunctions join
_subordinate___ clauses to main clauses.
5. Joining clauses with subordinate conjunctions
creates __complex_ sentences.
The Interjection
is an exclamatory word that expresses
EMOTION!
Oh! What a cute baby!
Wow! Look at that
sunset!
INTERJECTIONS CAN STAND
ALONE WITH PUNCTUATION
 An interjection shows strong emotion or
surprise. Examples of interjections used in
sentences:
 Shh, we are in the library! Or
 Oh, no! I forgot my homework.
 It is important to notice that interjections
usually ends with an exclamation point or a
comma.
WOW!
Examples of Interjections
Using interjections can add flavor to your writing. Just don’t overdo
it! With all things, moderation is key.
Watch the video on
Interjections – Click the link!
 http://www.teachertube.com/viewVideo.
php?video_id=159691
MORE ABOUT INTERJECTIONS
 Interjections are often placed at the
beginning of a sentence.
 The isolated usage of an interjection does not
represent a complete sentence.
 They are not grammatically connected to the
rest of the sentence. Click on the link below
for some examples and a short video clip.
 http://www.english-grammarrevolution.com/list-of-interjections.html
Practice - INTERJECTIONS
Answer the following questions about
interjections:
1. An interjection is a word that expresses ________.
2. Interjections with strong feeling are punctuated
with an ____________ _______ and stand alone.
3. When the feeling is not as strong, an interjection is
punctuated with a ________ and remains in the
sentence.
4. Interjections are not ___________ connected to
the rest of the sentence.
5. Using interjections can add ________ to your
writing as long as they are used in ____________.
Practice - INTERJECTIONS (Key)
Answer the following questions about
interjections:
1. An interjection is a word that expresses _emotion_.
2. Interjections with strong feeling are punctuated
with an _exclamation _ _point_ and stand alone.
3. When the feeling is not as strong, an interjection is
punctuated with a _comma_ and remains in the
sentence.
4. Interjections are not _grammatically_ connected
to the rest of the sentence.
5. Using interjections can add _flavor_ to your writing
as long as they are used in _moderation_.
Remember…
The part of speech is dependent
on how a word functions in a
sentence. Some words can
perform as different parts of
speech, depending on how they
are used.
The END