Transcript Chapter1
Chapter 1 An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy & Physiology Gk. ana tom Gk. physiología up cut science of natural causes FORM FUNCTION “All specific functions are performed by specific structures” pg. 4 automobile analogy Anatomy Gross visible with eye surface regional systemic developmental clinical (embryology) Anatomy Microscopic anatomy cytology histology (Chapter 3) (Chapter 4) Physiology cellspecialsystemicpathological- “cornerstone” e.g., cardiac reprod. disease Levels of Organization chemical cellular tissues organs organ systems organism chapter 2 chapter 3 chapter 4 chapters 5 to 29 Levels of Organization insert fig.1-1 pg. 7 Fluids: inside cells - cytoplasm intracellular (ICF) outside cells - tissue fluid extracellular (ECF) the body monitors/adjusts: volume of body fluids composition of body fluids body temperature Homeostasis Mechanisms to maintain stable internal environment Homeostatic regulation: autoregulation adjustment within organ… extrinsic regulation nervous/endocrine system Homeostatic regulation: autoregulation low O2 levels in organ -release chemicals -dilate blood vessels -bring in more O2 Homeostatic regulation: extrinsic regulation control by nervous or endocrine system Homeostatic regulation: nervous system responses are: rapid short-term specific e.g. reflex Homeostatic regulation: endocrine system responses are: slower long term Homeostatic regulation: keep internal environment within certain limits Homeostatic regulation: Three part mechanism: receptor (stimulus) control center effector Homeostatic regulation: room temperature: receptor control center effector stimulus ? warm air thermometer thermostat air conditioner Homeostatic regulation: room temperature: warm air temperature turns on air conditioner cools air temperature effector negates stimulus fig. 1-3 Negative feedback: most commom thermoregulation “set point” “range” fig. 1-4 Positive feedback: not as common exaggerated responses e.g., blood clot formation fig. 1-5 Homeostasis: Mechanisms to maintain stable internal environment dynamic equilibrium body temperature Homeostasis: systems influence each other their activity needs to be integrated Table 1-1 Homeostasis: systems influence each other their activity needs to be integrated when malfunctions occurs: illness or disease Anatomical references: Using in lab and lecture Based on: Homo sapiens Latin pterygoid Greek Golgi apparatus eponyms Anatomical references: landmarks fig. 1-6 Anatomical references: landmarks regions fig. 1-7 Anatomical directions anatomical position see fig. 1-8, pg. 18 reference is subject not observer Anatomical directions antonyms vs. synonyms anterior ventral superior cranial superficial proximal posterior dorsal inferior caudal deep distal Anatomical planes and sections 3 planes cranial/caudal transverse frontal (coronal) dorsal/ventral sagittal longitudinal) left/right Body cavities Most major organs are suspended in cavities embryologically: coelom Body cavities 4 2 major cavities coelom thoracic pericardial diaphragm peritoneal (abdominopelvic) quiz? Body cavities each cavity has two layers visceral parietal on organs outer wall Body cavities fist balloon Body cavities fist balloon Body cavities fist balloon Body cavities fist balloon Body cavities fist balloon Is the fist inside the balloon? Body cavities two layers replace fist with heart ? cavity inner (visceral) outer (parietal) cavity miscellany peritoneal cavity (abdominopelvic) abdominal pelvic Anatomical miscellany some “abdominal” organs are “behind” the peritoneal cavity retroperitoneal e.g., kidneys, etc The Skeleton axial appendicular #7 #8 axial skeleton fig. 7-1 axial skeleton fig. 7-1b The Skeleton appendicular pectoral girdle + append. pelvic girdle + append. appendicular skeleton fig. 8-1 The Skeleton bone shape and structure Joint Classsification (9) Synarthrosis no movement Amphiarthrosis very little movement Diarthrosis freely movable Joint Classsification (9) Synarthrosis suture synchondrosis parietal bones epiphyseal disc Amphiarthrosis syndesmosis symphysis tibia-fibula pubis Diarthrosis free movementmany Joint Classsification (9) Diarthrosis diarthodial joints = synovial joints bone articular cartilage “ capsule synovial cavity “ fluid Joint Classsification (9) ligaments ACL, PCL lateral col. menisci car patella Joint Classsification (9) Diarthrosis diarthodial joints = synovial joints many different types fig. 9-6 fig. 9-6